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Essential Question :

Essential Question : How did new inventions & improvements in transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? Warm-Up Question : What factors allowed for the ascendancy of the Whigs & the rise of a permanent American 2-party system?. The Market Revolution: 1815-1860.

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Essential Question :

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  1. Essential Question: • How did new inventions & improvements in transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? • Warm-Up Question: • What factors allowed for the ascendancy of the Whigs & the rise of a permanent American 2-party system?

  2. The Market Revolution: 1815-1860 American Industry & the Railroad

  3. American Domestic Growth • In the 1830s & 1840s, Americans realized the link between territorial & technological growth: • Improved transportation • Rapid technological innovation • A growing national economy • Mass European immigration • Desire for transcontinental expansion (esp after the gold rush in California in 1849)

  4. The Transportation Revolution

  5. Henry Clay’s American System • In 1816, Congress initiated a series of economic & internal improvements: • 2nd Bank of the USA • Protective Tariff of 1816 • Federal & state transportation construction (roads & canals)

  6. Advances in Transportation: 1815-1840

  7. Transportation Revolution by 1840

  8. Henry Clay’s American System • Jackson’s assault on the BUS, effectively killed Clay’s American System but it did not stop transportation improvements • From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads

  9. The Triumph of the Railroad • Railroads changed the economy: • In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance • Stimulated the growth of a new American iron industry • Stimulated new forms of finance: sold stock to general public, “preferred stock”, bonds, & subsidies through state & local governments

  10. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

  11. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s The Expansion of Railroads by Region • Immigrant labor built railroads in the North • Slave labor built railroads in the South Railroad Expansion by 1860

  12. The American Industrial Revolution

  13. The Industrial Revolution Booms • Industrial production became more efficient: • Growth of factories, mass production, division of labor, interchangeable parts, & industrial innovations • Agriculture became mechanized: • steel plow, mechanical reaper, seed drills, threshers, cultivators Attributed to “Yankee Ingenuity” iron production sewing machine textile factories

  14. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!

  15. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

  16. Early Textile Loom

  17. John Deere & the Steel Plow

  18. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

  19. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

  20. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

  21. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

  22. The Industrial Revolution Booms • The impact of new innovations: • Made work easier & freed laborers to do new types of work • Bolstered industry & agriculture • However, the US was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s • 60% of the population were still involved in farming • Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops

  23. The Market Revolution

  24. The Market Revolution • By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to make & ship goods & allowed for a national market economy: • US developed a self-sustaining domestic economy of farm products & manufactured goods • The US economy was driven by regional specialization Southern cotton production Northern industry Western commercial farming

  25. The North Shift from yeoman to small commercial farming From 1820-1870 Northern cities grew rapidly due to: Marketing goods for commercial farmers Factory towns that produced goods for rural consumers America in 1840

  26. Lowell Mill New England Dominance in Textiles

  27. American Population Centers in 1820 American Population Centers in 1860

  28. US Urban Centers

  29. The South The booming demand for cotton stratified the South: Large plantations with slaves (only 25% of whites owned slaves) Yeoman with few or no slaves with mixed commercial & subsistence farming America in 1840

  30. Slave Population, 1820 Slave Population, 1840 Slave Population, 1860

  31. The West Land was cheap Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms: Wheat & corn Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market America in 1840

  32. Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

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