翻译实践基础

1. 翻译实践基础 湖南大学外国语与国际教育学院 张云 副教授

2. 绪论 • 本课程的教学目的 • 翻译的定义 • 翻译的原则与标准 • 翻译策略及方法

3. This is a basic course for majors of English, aiming at the students’ mastery of the basic Sino-English differences and the translation skills thus laying a solid foundation for their study of follow-up courses such as interpretation, translation of literature, history and philosophy, a study of Chinese and western translation history and translation of pragmatic texts. The study of this course develops the students’ ability to transfer between two languages and cultures and to familiarize the criteria for a good translation,

4. the way to establish information focus and the situation in which various translating skills shall be applied. The main contents of this course are translation criteria and translation skills, including the criteria to evaluate given translational texts, domestication and alienation, basic knowledge for learning translating, translating methods, the study of treasons, the use of various tools in translating and etc.

5. 20% : in-class performance, homework and attendance20%: translation tasks( you are required to translate no less than 1000 words of whatever English original materials into Chinese by the end of the semester)60%: final written examination

6. What is translation? • Translation is a science. • Translation is an art. • Translation is a craft. • Translation is a skill. • Translation is an operation. • Translation is a language activity. • Translation is communicating.

7. Alexander Fraser Tytler(1747-1814): • I would therefore describe a good translation to be, • That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.

8. J. C. Catford(1965) defined translation as • the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. • Eugene A. Nida (1968): • Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

9. Nida（1964）的翻译过程模式(analysis, transfer,restructuring) 源语文本 目的语文本 分析 重构 转换

10. 张云（2012）对翻译过程模式的描述。

11. 关于翻译的原则与标准 • Marcus Tullius Cicero(106 BC-43 BC): • … I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and the forms, or as one might say, the “figures” of thought, but in language which conforms to our usage.

12. 关于翻译的原则与标准： • Alexander Fraser Tytler(1747-1814): • The laws of translation which may be deduced from the definition for good translation. It will follow, • Ⅰ. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. • Ⅱ. That the style and manner of writing

13. should be of the same character with that of the original. • Ⅲ. That the Translation should have all the case of original composition.

14. Yan Fu(1854-1921): • faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance • 在《天演论》卷首的《译例言》的第一段中指出： 译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。海通以来，象寄之才，随地多有；而任取一书，责其能于斯二者，则已寡矣。其故在浅尝，一也；偏至，二也；辨之者少，三也。

15. The so-called principles of translation and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating, whereas the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate a translation.

16. The criteria of translation function as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and as a goal set for translators to strive after.(Liu, 1991: 14)

17. 翻译的分类 • 语内翻译 • 语际翻译 • 符号系统间的翻译

18. 源语和译入语之间的差异 • 看似简单的英语句子，译成汉语不易。这主要是由源语和译入语之间的差异引起的。英语和汉语分别属于两个不同的语系，即印欧语系和汉藏语系。差异主要表现在三个方面： • 1）英汉语系语音系统的差异 • 2）英汉词汇系统的差异 • 3）英汉两种语言句法系统的差异

19. 源语文化和译入语文化之间的差异 • 翻译，就其性质而言是一种跨文化交际。 • 作为文化载体的语言，反映了各民族生存的地理环境、历史、习俗和观念，如见面问候语的使用。美国人见面时常说“How are you today?”中国人则常说，“吃饭了没有？”或者“最近忙不忙？”在别人表示感谢时，美国人常回答说“You’re welcome”，中国人则说“不客气。

20. 有关历史人物或历史事件的词汇，会引起本族语说话者丰富的联想，而其他文化的人们则很难会有这种联想。例如， 汉语中“我的肚子在唱空城计” ，汉语读者一听，马上就会在脑海里出现诸葛亮与司马懿斗智的一幅幅情景。还有成语、俗语和歇后语等。

21. 我们需要加强的几个重要方面 • 翻译的有关知识和技巧 • 外语水平和汉语水平 • 有关源语文化和所译文本内容的知识水平

22. 翻译过程的三个步骤： • 1）阅读并分析原文 • 2）将原文转换成译入语 • 3）对原文进行修改

23. 表达的四个层次（文本层次、所指层次、粘着层次、自然层次）表达的四个层次（文本层次、所指层次、粘着层次、自然层次） • 文本层次：原文的字面意义 • 译文的连贯与衔接：在段落和语篇的层面上对原文的忠实 • 译文的自然流畅：符合译入语的习惯 • She was dancing gracefully in the room • 原译：她正在房间里非常优雅地跳着舞。 • 改译：她正在房间跳舞，舞姿非常优雅。

24. 英汉词汇对比与翻译 • 意义的类型 外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义 • 词汇的意义范围 • Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war. • 在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。 • 2) Three men were killed in the accident. • 有三个男子在事故中丧生。

25. 3) The engine was killed by the flood. • 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。 • 4) Your joke nearly killed me. • 你的笑话真是笑死人。 • 5) I’m reading this book just tokilltime. • 我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。

26. 6) 总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子是走对了。（p.240） • Of course, our achievements in the last few years have proved the correctness of our policies of reform and opening to the outside world.(p. 237) • 7) 社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。 (p. 383) • Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism [hi:'gemənizəm]and power politics and will never seek hegemony. (p. 370)

27. 8) 这是中国从向十年的建设中得出的经验。(p. 376) • That is what we have learned from decades of development. (p. 364) • 9) 改革、开放是一个新事物，没有现成的经验可搬，一切都要从我国的实际情况来进行。(p. 248) • Reform and opening up are new undertakings, so we have no precedent to go by; all we can do it to proceed in the light of the specific conditions in our country. (p. 244)

28. 8) 这是中国从向十年的建设中得出的经验。(p. 376) • That is what we have learned from decades of development. (p. 364) • 9) 改革、开放是一个新事物，没有现成的经验可搬，一切都要从我国的实际情况来进行。(p. 248) • Reform and opening up are new undertakings, so we have no precedent to go by; all we can do it to proceed in the light of the specific conditions in our country. (p. 244)

29. 10）日服三次，每次一片 • To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time. • 11) 你说得有道理，我服了。 • What you said is reasonable. I’m convinced. • 12）他不服指导。 • He refused to obey directions. • 13）我在那里只住了三天，因为不服水土，又回来了。 • I stayed there for only three days before I returned home, because I was not accustomed to the climate there.14) 服兵役是每个青年的义务。 • It’s the duty of every young man to serve in the army.15) 那位拳击手还在服刑。 • That boxer is still serving a sentence.

30. 试译： • I enjoy my life. • Hainan Province enjoys tropical climate. • see • 以access造句

31. 汉语中用得非常广泛的一些词, 如 “水平”、“问题”、“情况”和“形势”等，虽然在英语中有看上去对应的词level, problem, circumstance 和 situation，但是它们的使用频率却低得多。前面提到的“实践”和“经验”例子就说明了这一点。在有些情况下，根本就不必翻译出来。 例如： • 要用英语和外国人交流，你还得提高你的口语水平。 • You must further improve your spoken English if you want to communicate with foreigners in English.

32. 那我们谈谈文艺问题。（--楼适夷：《夜间来客》）那我们谈谈文艺问题。（--楼适夷：《夜间来客》） • Shall we talk about literature and arts?（张培基译） • 那谈谈对目前文艺形势的感想，好吗？(ibid.) • Could you please tell me how you fell about the general trend of literature and arts at the moment?

33. 反之，英语中用得很广泛的的一些词， 在汉语中也找不到使用频率接近的词。最典型的就是英语中的连接词，如when, if等。这些词在英语中是不能省略的，而在汉语中，只要意思明白，常常不必用“在……时候”、“如果……就……”等，在很多情况下，用了反而显得拖沓笨重。

34. 例如： • I won’t go there if you don’t go. • 你不去我也不去。 • 试比较：如果你不去的话，那么我也不去。 • If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? • 冬天到了，春天还会远吗？ • 试比较：如果冬天已经到了，春天还会远吗？

35. Please bring your baby here when you come tomorrow. • 你明天来把孩子带来。 • 试比较：你明天来的时候，把孩子带来。 • When we say that this machine is of high quality and always works properly, we don’t mean that it is the very best of its kind. • 我们说这部机器质量高并且总是工作正常，这并不意味着它是同类机器中最好的。（陈定安，p.109）

36. 汉语词汇的骈偶性与英语单词的非对称性 • 1）A: What date is today? • B: It’s May 7./It’s May 17. • 甲：今天几号？ • 乙：五月七日。/五月十七（日）。（但是： *五月七） • A: How old are you? • B: I’m seven. /I’m seventeen. • 甲：你今年几岁了？ • 乙：我今年七岁了。/我今年十七（岁）了。（但是：*我今年七了。）

37. magnificent (scenery) 美不胜收（景色） • cloudless (weather) 万里无云（天气） • towering (mountain) 高耸入云 (山峰） • boundless (sea) 浩瀚无垠（大海） • very rich (merchant) 腰缠万贯（商人） • interesting (story) 引人入胜（故事） • extremely hard（conditions of life or struggle) 艰苦卓绝（条件）

38. She was eighteen and beautiful. • 她年方十八，天生丽质（或：美丽动人）。 • China is a vast country with rich natural resources and a large population. • 中国地大物博，人口众多。

39. Puritans, a sizeable percentage of the earliest settlers in Massachussetts, were a pious, self-disciplined people.... • 原译： 最早到麻省定居的移民中， 相当大一部分是清教徒 ， 他们是虔诚的和严于律已的人。 • 改译：最早到麻省定居的移民，大多为虔诚自律的清教徒。 • Babies satisfactorily born. • 原译：孩子们顺利地降生了。 • 改译：孩子已生，一切顺利。

40. …thirty years before, …his name shot suddenly to the zenith from Crimean battlefield, to remain forever celebrated. • 三十年前，他在克里米亚战役中崭露头角，名声大噪，历久不衰。

41. They spoke to each other rarely in their incomprehensible tongue, but always with a courteous smile and often with a small bow. • 谁也听不懂他们的话，但他们很少交谈，而说话时总是一副笑容可掬的样子，还常常微微地鞠躬致意。

42. 两千一百万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。两千一百万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。 • The 21million compatriots in Taiwan are all Chinese and our own flesh and blood. • 当风和日丽时，举目远望，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。 • 原译：On a day of gentle breeze and bright sun, the observation deck commands an indistinct view of Mount Sheshan… • 改译：On a fine day, one can even see Mount Sheshan, Jinshan and Chongming Island, although not very clearly….

43. …and with all her advantages, natural and domestic, she was now in a great danger of suffering from intellectual solitude. (J. Austin: Emma) • 译文一：她虽然具备一切天生的家庭优越条件，但现在却大有智力上的孤独之虞了。 • 译文二：尽管她天生聪明漂亮，家境又好，但现在却深感精神上的孤独。

44. She is as virtuous as she is pretty… I esteem her for her good sense, much as I admire her for her good looks. (Dickens: David Copperfield) • 译文一：她的正经不下于她的美丽。……我重视她的美德不下于我赞美她的美貌呢。 • 译文二：这个人不但容貌美丽，而且品德端正。……我不但因为她有姿色而敬重她，更因为她有慧心而敬重她。

45. 词汇的形态与翻译 • 英语是有形态变化的语言，同一个汉语词汇可以有几个不同词性或形态的英语单词与之对应。例如， • Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. <谚> 美出自观者之心目。 • She is very beautiful. 她很美。 • She dances beautifully. 她舞姿很美。

46. 他来了, 我很高兴。 • 译文一：He arrived, which delighted me. • 译文二：His arrival delighted me • 译文三：His arriving delighted me. • 耳闻不如一见。 • 译文一：Seeing is believing. • 译文二：To see is to believe. • 译文三：I won’t believe anything until I see it.

47. 词义的准确理解 • 坚持重合同、守信用、“客户至上、竭诚服务”的宗旨… • 误译：…stick to the purpose of abiding by contract and upholding good reputation and “putting customers first and offering whole-hearted service”. • 正译：…adhere to the principle of abiding by contract and upholding good reputation and “putting customers first and offering whole-hearted service”. • 无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃……（《落花生》） • 误译：People of all social classes can buy them at a low price. • 正译：They are so cheap that anyone can afford them.

48. 词义的准确表达 • Would this man receive them as fellow countrymen, or would he treat them with cold suspicion and question them cautiously about their past careers as militarists? (from A. Smedley, The Great Road) • 原译：这个人会不会像同胞手足一样接待他们呢？会不会疑虑重重，详细询问他们在军阀时代的经历呢？ • 改译：这个人会不会像接待同胞手足一样接待他们呢？会不会疑虑重重，仔细盘问他们的军阀经历呢？ • Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man, even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors, urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them. (ibid.) • 原译：周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴，在招呼他们坐下，询问有何见教的时候，甚至还有点腼腆。 • 改译：周恩来举止文静，待人体贴，在招呼他们坐下，询问他们的来意时，甚至还有点腼腆。

49. The basic problem is that bog cities are no longer functional....A handful of cities—New York, San Francisco, maybe Boston—are redefining their roles. • 原译：根本的问题是，大城市不再起作用。少数几个城市――纽约、旧金山，可能还有波士顿――正在重新确定各自的作用。 • 改译：根本的问题是，大城市已经无法运作……少数几个城市，如纽约、旧金山，也许还有波士顿，正在重新定位。

50. Most of these writers were convinced that injustices existed in our economic system, and against these injustices they protested, but they had no wish to change they system itself; or if they did, through idealistic, Utopian schemes. • 原译：这些作家中的大部分会都相信我们的经济制度中是存在着不公平的现象的，而且他们对这些现象也提出了抗议，然而他们并没有改变这种制度本身的愿望；就算他们有这种愿望，那也只是通过一些空想的、乌托邦式的办法来改变它。 • 改译：大多数这些作家都相信我们的经济制度中存在着不公平现象，并对此提出过抗议，但是他们并不想改变这种制度本身；即使想，也只是些乌托邦式的空想而已。