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Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Jeff Kuo, Ph.D., P.E. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering and Computer Science, CSUF. What are the Greenhouse Gases?. What are the Greenhouse Gases?. Properties of Greenhouse Gases.

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Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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  1. Technological Options for Reducing Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Jeff Kuo, Ph.D., P.E. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering and Computer Science, CSUF

  2. What are the Greenhouse Gases?

  3. What are the Greenhouse Gases?

  4. Properties of Greenhouse Gases

  5. Kyoto Agreement – A legally binding Protocol: industrialized countries to reduce their collective GHG emissions by 5.2% by 2012. Cuts to most important gases: CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) - measured against 1990 baseline. Cuts in high global warming potential (GWP) gases - hydrofluoro-carbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) - measured against 1990 or 1995 baseline. What Have We Done?

  6. What Have We Done? • USA ??? • CA - On June 1, 2005 the California Governor signed Executive Order S-3-05 that established the GHG targets. The targets call for a reduction of GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010; a reduction to 1990 levels by 2020; and a reduction to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.

  7. Clearinghouse of Technological Options for Reducing Anthropogenic Non-CO2 GHG Emissions from All Sectors. Funded by California Air Resources Board. A one-year project by CSUF. The Project

  8. Background • Climate mitigation studies have been focused on CO2, especially energy-related sources. • NCGGs have gained attention recently • Higher global warming potentials (GWPs) • Abundance of cost-effective and readily-implementable technological options • A more rapid response in avoiding climate impacts by focusing on short-lived gases

  9. Project Objectives • To develop a clearinghouse of technological options for reducing anthropogenic, NCGG emissions from sectors that are relevant to CA. • To provide better characterization of cost-effective opportunities for emission reductions of NCGGs from all sectors. • The findings can serve as a basis for a website to disseminate information on NCGG emission control technologies.

  10. Project Tasks • Identification of sources of NCGG emissions from various sectors in California • Identification of available technological options for NCGG emission reductions through a comprehensive literature search • Evaluation of the identified technological options for their applicability in CA • Report preparation

  11. Methods and Approaches –Comparison of GHG Emissions

  12. Methods and Approaches –Evaluation of Technological Options • Status of technological options are quite different. • Data on reduction efficiency (RE), market penetration (MP), technical applicability (TA), service lifetime, and costs were collected, if available, and presented. • Data specific to CA were used first, followed by those specific to the USA, and then those developed for global perspectives or for other countries.

  13. Methods and Approaches –Evaluation of Technological Options MP: market penetration; RE: reduction efficiency; TA: technical applicability; costs are in year 2000 US$/MTCO2-Eq. 1: USEPA (2004) & CEC (2005); 2: IEA (2003) & USEPA (2004)

  14. Sources of Methane Emissions in CA

  15. Methane Emission Reduction –Gas and Petroleum Systems • Prevention – improved process efficiencies and leakage reduction • Recovery and re-injection – recovery of off-gases and re-injection into the subsystems • Recovery and utilization – recovery and utilization for energy production • Recovery and incineration – recovery, followed by incineration (flaring) • (Many in EPA Natural Gas STAR program)

  16. Sources of Methane Emissions from Agriculture Sector in CA

  17. Methane Emission Reduction –Enteric Fermentation • Increase of feed conversion efficiency by adjusting animal diets • Increase of animal production through the use of growth hormones • Increase of animal production by improved genetic characteristics • Improve nutrition through strategic supplementation • Improved reproduction

  18. Methane Emission Reduction –Manure Management • Livestock reduction • Prevention of anaerobic decomposition of manure during stabling of livestock • Anaerobic digestion (covered lagoons; on-farm mesophilic digestion; on-farm thermophilic; centralized, off-farm mesophilic or thermophilic) • Composting of animal manure • Aerobic digestion

  19. Sources of N2O Emissions in CA

  20. N2O Emission Reduction –Agricultural Soil Management • Most of the N2O emissions from agricultural activities are from soils, but the emission flux of N2O per unit surface area of soil is small. • Two types of technological options: • Improve efficiencies in nitrogen utilization • Inhibit the formation of nitrous oxide

  21. N2O Emission Reduction –Manure Management • Reducing the number of animals by increasing their productivity • Optimizing the crude protein/energy ratio in animal diets • Nitrification and urease inhibitors • Waste storage • Use of cattle feed-pads during winter months • Optimizing manure management

  22. N2O Emission Reduction –Mobile Combustion • Improve catalyst performance • Use of N2O-decomposition catalyst • Use of alternative technologies for NOx-emission reduction • Alternative fuel

  23. Sources of High-GWP Gases Emissions in CA

  24. High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction –Substitution of Ozone-depleting Substances • Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment • Solvents • Foam production • Sterilization • Fire extinguishing • Technical aerosols

  25. High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction –Foam Production • HFC-134a is commonly used • Alternative blowing agents • Lower-GWP HFC substitution • Alternative insulation materials and technologies • Direct emission reduction

  26. High-GWP Gases Emission Reduction –Electrical Transmission and Distribution • SF6 is commonly used as the insulator • Use of recycling equipment • Leak detection and repair (LDAR) • Equipment replacement/refurbishment • Others • gas mixtures, such as SF6/N2 or SF6/CF4 • 145kV interrupters • solid-state current limiter

  27. http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/non-co2-clearinghouse/non-co2-clearinghouse.htmhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/non-co2-clearinghouse/non-co2-clearinghouse.htm

  28. Acknowledgement • Funded by California Air Resources Board (CARB 05-328). • Supports from college, department, and school. • Special thanks to professionals all over the world who have spent efforts in developing technologies and measures toward emission reductions of NCGGs.

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