Chapter 22 Section 3

1. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Most soldiers entered into Vietnam war in the draft • Thousands of men tried to find ways around the draft which was considered a manipulative system. • Some men sought medical exemptions from sympathetic doctors, others moved so they could go before a more lenient draft board. Others joined the National Guard or Coast Guard to postpone or delay being deployed to Vietnam • College deferment was one of the most popular ways to avoid the draft • By going to college you could put off your military service

2. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Because many college students in the 1960’s were well off and white, lower class or minorities made up 80% of American soldiers • Vietnam was a working class war • During first seven years of the war African Americans accounted for more than 20% of combat deaths, but only represented 10% of the U.S. population • Draft lottery system created to offset this trend.

3. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Martin Luther King tried to refrain from speaking out about inequalities of African Americans in Vietnam war to keep from diverting attention from Civil Right movement but lashed out in 1967 about African Americans dying for a country that still treated them as second class citizens. • Racial tensions were high in many platoons and sometimes led to violence, which was another reason for low morale amongst troops in Vietnam

4. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Females were not allowed in combat in the U.S. Military in the 1960’s, but 10,000 women served in Vietnam, most as nurses. Thousands more volunteered for the Red Cross • Many of the Nation’s youth voice their disagreement with the war • College students became a powerful and vocal group of protesters • The growing youth movement became known as the “New Left” • The “New Left” demanded changes in the American Society • Students for Democratic Society (SDS) was on of the better known “New Left” organizations and charged that corporations and large government had taken over America. • They called for greater individual freedom

5. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Free Speech Movement (FSM) gained popularity at Cal University and called free speech on campus. These ideas quickly spread to College campuses across America • Students joined together to protest the Vietnam War and organized “Teach Ins” to protest the war. As the protests grew the nation became divided. • April of 1965 SDS organizes march on Washington D.C. of 20,000 protesters, by November another protest on Washington drew more than 30,000, then by April of 1966 Johnson administration changed • Chapter 22 Section 3 A Nation Divided • deferments of college students requiring students to be in good academic standing in order to be granted a deferment. Campuses erupted in protest.

6. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Most common reason for youths opposing the war was that they believed Vietnam war was a Civil War and we had no business being there • Others argued that the U.S. could not police the entire globe and that it made us weak in other parts of the world, and some believed that war was morally unjust • Some entertainers and returning veterans protested the war. Peter, Paul and Mary came out with song called “Eve of Destruction” which was the most popular song of 1965.

7. Chapter 22 Section 3 • 1967 nearly ½ million protesters of all ages gathered at Central Park. Hundreds burned their draft cards and shouted “Hell No, We Won’t Go” • Draft resistance continued until President Nixon phased out the draft and it ended in 1973. No men were called up in 1972 so draft ended in essence in 1972. • U.S. Government accused more than 200,000 men of draft offenses and imprisoned nearly 400,000 draft registers. Most were paroled after 6 to 12 months.

8. Chapter 22 Section 3 • Two camps in the War • 1) Doves-strongly opposed the war and believed the U.S. should withdraw • 2) Hawks-Believed U.S. should unleash much of its greater military force to win the war. • Despite protesters, in 1967 most Americans still were committed to the war. • 70 percent of the people believed that protests were “acts of disloyalty” • 1968 War takes drastic change for the worst

9. 1.) How did most soldiers enter the Vietnam war? a. They volunteered b. They were drafted c. They migrated to the U.S. from other countries to be a part of the war 2.) Name one way in which young men could delay their deployment to Vietnam. a. By Volunteering b. By Entering into the draft lottery system c. By going to college 3.) What organization did men join that delayed their deployment in the Vietnam war? a. The National Guard b. The Red Cross c. The New Left Organization 4.) Describe the largest majority of American soldiers in the Vietnam War? a. Upper class and majority b. People who had been citizens for less than a year c. Lower class and minority 5.) What was one name the Vietnam war was given? a. The upper class war b. The college soldier war c. The Middle Class War 6.) Why did Martin Luther King Jr. try to refrain from speaking out about the unfair inequality of the number of African Americans that served as combat troops? a. He thought the high number aided in the Civil Rights cause b. He did not want to take attention away from the Civil Rights Movement c. He was worried he would be assassinated if he spoke about it 7.) How did most women serve in Vietnam? a. They were Nurses b. They were combat troops c. They were Commanders 8.) What did the growing youth movement that organized protests become known as? a. The New Left b. The National Youth Protest Group c. Young Students Against Vietnam Organization 9.) What did President Johnson do to try to eliminate the inequalities in the draft? a. He exempted all High School graduates b. He exempted all men who had a family and a full time job c. He required college students to be in good standing to be exempt from the draft 10.) What did most Americans think of the protesters and the war up until 1968? a. They thought the prostests were disloyal but wanted to pull out of the war b. They supported the protests and wanted to pull out of the war c. They thought the protests were disloyal and still supported the war. Chapter 22 Section 3