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The Protestant Reformation

Explore the Protestant Reformation that shook Europe, as Martin Luther challenged the indulgences and authority of the Catholic Church. Learn about key events, such as Luther's 95 Theses, the Counter-Reformation, and the rise of Protestantism and nationalism. Discover the impact on society, with the rise of new beliefs and the shifting power dynamics within the Church. Uncover the role of figures like Ignatius of Loyola and the Council of Trent, and how the Inquisition sought to suppress dissent. Engage with the complexities of religion, power, and individual beliefs.

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. The Protestant Reformation

  2. The state of Europe • Powerful/wealthy Catholic Church • Renaissance • Humanism • Rise of Nations and Nationalism

  3. Catholic Church in the 15th Century • Defined by extravagance

  4. Pope Leo X • Needed $$$ for St. Peter’s Bascilica • Approves the sale of indulgences (buying your way into purgatory/heaven) • Money for building project

  5. Martin Luther - 1517 95 Theses • Criticized practices of the Church • (Including sale of indulgences) Edict of Worms • Holy Roman Emperor condemned Luther and his writings

  6. 95 Theses

  7. 1. When Jesus said "repent" he meant that believers should live a whole life repenting 2. Only God can give salvation - not a priest. 3. Inwards penitence must be accompanied with a suitable change in lifestyle. 4. Sin will always remain until we enter Heaven. 5. The pope must act according to canon law. 6. Only God can forgive -the pope can only reassure people that God will do this. 7. A sinner must be humbled in front of his priest before God can forgive him.

  8. Effects of Martin Luther • Printing Press = 95 Theses available to many people • 1530 – Lutheranism an official branch of Christianity • Begins the Protestant Reformation

  9. Protestant England • 1527 – Pope refuses to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon • 1534 – Henry breaks with the Catholic Church to divorce his wife, becomes official Head of Church of England

  10. 1553 – Queen Mary I – Back to Catholic, death to Protestants! • 1558 – Queen Elizabeth I - restores Church of England – persecutes Catholics

  11. The Counter-Reformation Which is really a reformation, and what Martin Luther wanted in the first place

  12. Counter-Reformation • The Church response to the Protestant movement

  13. St. Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuit Order - 1534 • Concentrate on education • Founded schools, missions, and universities

  14. Council of Trent 1545-1563 • Training of priests regulated • Indulgences abolished • Got rid of financial abuses • Rejects Protestants emphasis on the individual Boost to Catholicism

  15. Women in the Church • Before Renaissance, lived only in Convents After… • Would help poor/orphans/sick • Founded Orders to • educate girls • train women to be teachers • Build schools for girls

  16. Inquisition(not to be confused with the earlier and more violent Spanish Inquisition of Mel Brooks fame) • Church court to fight Protestantism • Accused Protestants of breaking church law • Used torture violence etc… (why not, it works! …right?)

  17. Reading: Brought Before the Inquisition, 1573 • Why does Paolo Veronese believe he is brought before the Inquisitors? • What issues do they have with the figures in his painting? • What is the major complaint about the painting? • What does he change? • What does the result of the inquiry tell you about the Inquisition as a whole?

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