Political Changes in the Early 19 th Century

1. Political Changes in the Early 19th Century

2. Judiciary Act of 1789 • The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized a judicial branch with a six-person Supreme Court, as well as district courts and circuit courts of appeal. • Washington named John Jay as chief justice of the Supreme Court.

3. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Hamilton created a controversial three–point plan. • Three Parts of Plan 1. The federal government should take on both state and national debt. 2. The government should raise revenue by passing tariffs. 3. The United States should create a national bank and mint to stabilize the banking system.

4. Bank of the United States • By far the most controversial part of Hamilton’s plan was the idea of a national bank. • Some people believed the government did not have the power to create a national bank because it was not specifically granted in the Constitution. • Those people were called strict constructionists. • Some people pointed out that the Constitution allows actions that are not strictly prohibited • Those people were called loose constructionists. • Jefferson urged Washington to veto the bank bill, but Hamilton convinced him that being flexible was important to the government. • Hamilton and Jefferson’s differences led to the creation of political parties. • Those who supported Jefferson were the Democratic-Republicans. • Those who supported Hamilton were the Federalists

5. Supreme Court Decisions • Marbury vs.Madison-Supreme Court ruled the Court had the right to declare a law unconstitutional • McCulloch v. Maryland: Sided with the federal government on the national bank issue, holding national interests above state interests • Gibbons v. Ogden: Gave the national government sole right to regulate interstate commerce

6. The War of 1812 • In 1803 the Napoleonic Wars broke out between France and Great Britain. • The U.S. was involved, as both French and British warships stopped American merchant ships, and the British began seizing and drafting Americans at sea. • Americans were angered when they discovered the British were helping Native Americans against the settlers in the Northwest Territory. • A group of young members of Congress known as the War Hawks called for war against the British to protect American interests.

7. The War of 1812: Causes and Effects • The War of 1812 was the second war between the British and Americans in North America. It ranged from Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south. • In the final battle, Americans won a decisive victory when General Andrew Jackson led American troops against a large British force in New Orleans. • While Jackson fought at New Orleans, a peace treaty had already been signed.

8. The War of 1812: Causes and Effects Causes • British impressment of American sailors • International conflicts over commerce • British military aid to Native Americans on the Northwest Territory frontier

9. The War of 1812: Causes and Effects Effects • Foreign respect for the U.S. • National pride • Increase in American manufacturing • Less Native American resistance

10. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine: Made America off-limits to European colonization; stated that America should stay out of European affairs and vice versa

11. Second Bank of the United States The National Bank • Congress established the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 to regulate state banks, which grew rapidly after the demise of the First Bank of the United States. • Jackson sealed the fate of the bank by ordering the secretary of the treasury to remove national bank money and put it in state banks.

12. Territorial Changes in the Early 19th Century

13. Louisiana Purchase • One of Jefferson’s major achievements was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, known as the Louisiana Purchase. • Jefferson finally decided that the right to purchase territory was implicit in the constitutional power to make treaties. • Jefferson sent out expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark expedition. • The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Pacific Ocean and mapped and surveyed much territory along the way.

14. Adams-Onis Treaty • The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Acquired Florida as a boundary between Louisiana and Spanish land; let Americans settle Oregon for 10 years

15. Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers • Some Americans believed in Manifest Destiny, which meant they thought it was America’s God-given right to settle western lands.

16. Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers • Several major western trails were well-established by 1850: • The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. • TheOregon Trail was the longest, most famous trail leading from Independence Missouri to the Willamette Valley in Oregon. • The Mormon Trail was the path that Joseph Smith’s persecuted Mormons followed in search of religious freedom in the West.

17. The Gold Rush • In 1848 a carpenter discovered gold in northern California. • News of gold spread and many migrated to California; this mass migration of miners, and businesspeople who made money from miners, was called the Gold Rush. • The 80,000 migrants called forty-niners left for California in 1849; this population boom enabled California’s statehood a year later. • Many came on the California Trail, on ships, and on mule trains. • In California, miners moved into camps and businesspeople moved into booming cities like San Francisco, Sacramento, and Stockton.