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Madisen Riebock and Stacia Dangerfield

How Diabolical is all that is Biological?. Madisen Riebock and Stacia Dangerfield. Essential Elements found in the human body. There are six essential elements that are found in the human body. These elements are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

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Madisen Riebock and Stacia Dangerfield

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  1. How Diabolical is all that is Biological? Madisen Riebock and Stacia Dangerfield

  2. Essential Elements found in the human body • There are six essential elements that are found in the human body. • These elements are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. • These are also known as CHNOPS. CHNOPS

  3. Chemical Bonds • A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms brought about by sharing electrons between two atoms, or a complete transfer of electrons.

  4. Ionic Bonds • Ionic bonds come from atoms with low electro negativity, or the tendency of atoms to grab electrons, reacting with elements that have a high electro negativity.

  5. Covelant Bonds • A covalent bond involves a complete sharing of electrons and occurs most commonly between atoms that have partially filled energy levels. Thus, if the atoms are similar in negativity then the electrons will be shared.

  6. Chemical and Physical properties of Carbohydrates • The body uses carbohydrates for energy and proper cell function. • Sugars (glucose), fructose from milk, and lactose from milk are simple carbs. • Starches, or chains of sugars and fiber are complex. • Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH2O.

  7. Physical properties of lipids • Lipids can be solid or liquid. They can also be called fat and oil, based on their consistency. • Some examples are bee wax, ear wax, steroids, and fat in foods, such as triacylglycercols, diacylglycercols, monoacylglycercols, free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, caretonoids and vitamins A and D.

  8. WHAT DO ENZYMES DO? • Help regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved with living organisms. • Break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for digestion and absorption. • They contain: Lipase to break down carbs, amylase to break down sugars and carbs, and protease to break down proteins. • They are catalysts: Items that initiate or cause an important event to happen. For this reason, they speed up chemical reactions.

  9. WHAT ARE ENZYMES? Most enzymes are proteins. Enzymes contain a protein and a non-protein (the cofactor). Enzymes attack substrates and change them into something new. The enzyme remains the same, but the substrate becomes the product. Temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors regulate enzyme activity.

  10. Properties of Water • Water is a chemical substance that has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. • They can be all forms of matter except for plasma. This includes liquid, solid and gas. The oxygen in the water molecule has a slightly negative charge because of it’s high electro negativity, but the hydrogen atom is slightly positive. Because of this water is a polar molecule with an electrical dipole moment. This dipolar nature contributes to waters tendency to form hydrogen bonds, which causes the water’s many special properties.

  11. NUCLEOTIDES: THE THREE PARTS • Nucleotides make up DNA • 1. A nitrogenous base (A, G, T, or C) • 2. A phosphate molecule • 3. A sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) • The nitrogenous bases are on the horizontal part, while the phosphate and sugar are on the vertical part.

  12. 4 Uses of Proteins • A roll in the cell that proteins have are being enzymes. They catalyze chemical reactions and tell the DNA what to do. • There are also structural proteins that form the cytoskeleton, located in the cytoplasm. This is what helps the cell maintain it’s size and shape. • They can also be used to store food within the cell. For example, ovalbumin and casein. • They coordinate hormonal bodily activities; for example insulin.

  13. Bibliography • http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/chemistry/bonds.html • http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Lipids.html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_lipids.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water#Chemical_and_physical_properties • www.brainpop.com • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html • http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutritionglossary/g/enzyme.htm • http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/enzymes.htmn • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes.html • http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4596 • www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif • http://www.vias.org/feee/img/00257.png

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