Todd Zakrajsek, Associate Professor Department of Family Medicine

1. Todd Zakrajsek, Associate Professor Department of Family Medicine University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill 919-636-8170 toddz@unc.ed July 29, 2019

2. Active/engaged learning is more effective than lecturing.

4. How long before students bored in lecture?

5. Passive v. Active Learning Examples of passive learning?

6. Passive Learning

7. Active Learning

8. 80 HS COLL UNIV Gain vs Pretest Interactive Engagement (48) Traditional (14) 60 <<g>> IE = 48% % <Gain> 40 <<g>> T = 23% 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 % <Pretest> R. R. Hake, Am. J. Phys, 66, 64-74 (1998).

9. Freeman, S. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA111, 8410–8415 (2014) “This is a really important article—the impression I get is that it’s almost unethical to be lecturing if you have this data,” says Eric Mazur, a physicist at Harvard University in a 2014 article in Science

11. Groupwork is active. So all groupwork is good?

12. Teaching Strategies

14. How People Learn NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science

15. How People Learn http://davidtjones.wordpress.com/2009/10/11/the-learning-pyramid-true-false-hoax-or-myth/

16. Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, & Bjork, 2009 Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence

17. Basketball….

18. Strategies to get introverts to talk in the classroom?

19. Stage Theory of Learning

20. Cognitive Load Sweller 1988 Intrinsic Load – inherent difficulty of the content Extraneous Load–additional external stimuli Germane Load – processing of information; construction and automation of schema

21. Multi-tasking The mere presence of a cell phone has been shown diminish attention and reduce performance on cognitively complex tasks. (Thornton, Faires, Robbins, & Rollins, 2014)

22. Multi-tasking • Multi-tasking • Task Shifting • Managing multiple tasks

23. Learning and Memory What I have learned from 31 years of teaching psychology and information processing….

24. Value/Interest Understanding Elaboration Repetition Attention

25. Repetition Long-term potentiation is the physical process by which we learn through repetition.

26. Karpicke & Roediger, 2007 SSSS SSST STTT .80 .70 Proportion of ideas recalled .60 .50 .40 5 Minutes 1 Week Retention Interval For Final Test

27. Elaboration New information is best recalled when it is connected to other information.

28. Elaboration What strategies (or additional strategies) might you use to help your students to develop more elaborations?

30. Value/Interest Understanding Elaboration Repetition Sleep/H2O/Food Attention Emotion

31. Sleep and Rest Sleep and Rest – Researchers at the NYU’s Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science have found that rest directly after learning increases retention A NASA study found astronauts who napped for 27 minutes in the afternoon improved their cognitive functioning on later day tasks by 34% over nonnapping astronauts(Medina, 2008).

32. Exercise Ratey (2008) has shown that exercise increases the production of vital neurotransmitters important for: • Focusing and Attention • Motivation • Patience • Mood

33. Hydration Mild dehydration can result in cognitive declines of 10%. (Norman, 2012)

34. Food • Food (glucose) --- Complex carbohydrates (vegetables and whole grains) MUCH better than simple sugars

35. Value/Interest Understanding Elaboration Repetition Sleep/H2O/Food Attention Emotion

36. Anticipatory Outcome Value/Interest Understanding Elaboration Repetition Sleep/H2O/Food Attention Emotion

40. I can’t draw…or….I can’t…. Reframe for them to: I can’t ______ yet.

41. Teaching is the Profession that Makes All Professions Possible--Todd Whitaker