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Neurulation

Neurulation. By Brett & Joshua. These slides will be uploaded after tonights session. Please see presenter notes under the slides for a description of the pictures. Objectives. Describe the formation of the morula and blastocyst and the process of blastocyst implantation

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Neurulation

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  1. Neurulation • By Brett & Joshua

  2. These slides will be uploaded after tonights session. • Please see presenter notes under the slides for a description of the pictures.

  3. Objectives Describe the formation of the morula and blastocyst and the process of blastocyst implantation Describe the process and resultant effect of gastrulation Describe the main derivatives of the 3 core embryonic tissues (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) Describe the longitudinal and lateral folding of the embryo and describe the cavities, structures and regions that this create Describe the process and result of ‘reversal’ during folding Describe the process and result of neurulation (neural tube formation), how the notochord is involved and describe the range of defects that can occur Describe the origin of neural crest cells, their migration and the tissues that they form/contribute toward Explain the basic structure, content and arrangement of the pharyngeal arches and the outline the regions that they become (more of this in later blocks) Review the formation of the gut tube and the defects that can occur R G Tunstall 2013

  4. What is neurulation? • The formation of the neural tube, which later develops into the brain, spinal cord and retina

  5. What are the three germ layers? • Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm

  6. From which germ layer does the neural tube derive? • Ectoderm What else is derived from ectoderm? • Skin

  7. 1 4 2 5 3

  8. Neural Crest Cell Migration Cells from neural crest migrate & form many important structures ~ Day 19 Crest cells are involved in: Dorsal root ganglia Adrenal medulla Melanocytes Meninges (Arachnoid & pia) Autonomic nerve ganglia GI tract ganglia (Parasympathetic) Septation of heart Skull & face connective tissues ~ Day 21 DAMMAGeSS Crest cells spread throughout body Re-differentiate into other cell types Defective neural crest cell migration – malformed face, nervous system absences, cardiac/gut defects R G Tunstall 2013

  9. Tube Closure • Tube has two openings - at cranial end and at caudal end • What are these called? • Neuropores • When does each close? • Cranial day 25 • Caudal day 27

  10. Neural Tube Defects Prevention?

  11. Neural Tube Defects

  12. Neural Tube Defects

  13. Any questions?

  14. Labelling time!

  15. Mini Quiz

  16. What is neurulation? • The formation of the neural tube, which later develops into the brain, spinal cord and retina

  17. What embryological structure sends signals to initiate neurulation? • Notochord

  18. What is the region above the notochord called? • Neural plate

  19. The neural plate involutes to form the...? • Neural groove

  20. What is the name of the cells indicated by the black dots? • Neural crest cells

  21. Name THREE things the neural crest cells migrate and redifferentiate to become. [3] Crest cells are involved in: Dorsal root ganglia Adrenal medulla Melanocytes Meninges (Arachnoid & pia) Autonomic nerve ganglia GI tract ganglia (Parasympathetic) Septation of heart Skull & face connective tissues DAMMAGeSS

  22. The neural tube longitudinally but is open at either end. What are these endings called? • Neuropores

  23. On what day does the cranial neuropore close? • Day 25

  24. On what day does the caudal neuropore close? • Day 27

  25. What is this called? • Spina bifida occulta

  26. What other feature might someone with spina bifida occulta have? • Tuft of hair over region

  27. What is this called? • Meningiocoele

  28. What is this called? • Myelomeningiocoele

  29. How can spina bifida be prevented? • Folic acid supplements during pregnancy

  30. Thank you :)

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