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Overview of Business Processes - Information Needs, Activities, and Cycles

This chapter provides an overview of the basic business activities, decisions, and information needs in an organization. It explores the role of the data processing cycle, AIS, and enterprise resource planning in modern organizations.

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Overview of Business Processes - Information Needs, Activities, and Cycles

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  1. HAPTER 2 Overview of Business Processes

  2. INTRODUCTION • Questions to be addressed in this chapter include: • What are the basic business activities in which an organization engages? • What decisions must be made to undertake these activities? • What information is required to make those decisions? • What role does the data processing cycle play in organizing business activities and providing information to users? • What is the role of the information system and enterprise resource planning in modern organizations?

  3. INFORMATION NEEDS AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES • Businesses engage in a variety of activities, including: • Acquiring capital الحصول على الاموال • Buying buildings and equipment شراء المباني والمعدات • Hiring and training employees تعين وتدريب الموظفين • Purchasing inventory شراء المخزون • Doing advertising and marketing اجراء دعاية وتسويق • Selling goods or services بيع بضاعة او خدمات • Collecting payment from customers التحصيل من العملاء • Paying employees الدفع للموظفين • Paying taxes دفع الضرائب • Paying vendors الدفع للموردين Each activity requires different types of decisions! Each decision requires different types of information

  4. INFORMATION NEEDS AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES • Types of information needed for decisions: • Some is financial • Some is nonfinancial • Some comes from internal sources • Some comes from external sources • An effective AIS needs to be able to integrate information of different types and from different sources. ِِِِِِِِِِِ فعال بحاجة الى ان يكون قادر عمل تكامل للمعلومات من مختلف الانواع والمصادر.AIS

  5. INTERACTION WITH EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PARTIES • The AIS interacts with external parties, such as customers, vendors, creditors, and governmental agencies. • The AIS also interacts with internal parties such as employees and management • The interaction is typically two-way, in that the AIS sends information to and receives information from these parties. يتفاعل مع اطراف داخلية وخارجية. هذا التفاعل يتم باتجاهينAIS AIS Internal Parties External Parties

  6. BUSINESS CYCLES • A transaction is: • An agreement between two entities to exchange goods or services; OR اتفاقية بين طرفين لتبادل بظائع او خدمات. • Any other event that can be measured in economic terms by an organization. او ايحدث يمكن قياسة بالوحدات الاقتصادية , كا النقد • EXAMPLES: • Sell goods to customers بيع بضائع للعملاء • Depreciate equipment استهلاك المعدات • The transaction cycle is a process: دورة الاتفاقية تمر بسلسلة اجراءات • Begins with capturing data about a transaction • Ends with an information output, such as financial statements تبدا بالحصول على بيانات متعلقة بالعملية وتنتهي بمخرجات على شكل معلومات مثل القوائم المالية.

  7. BUSINESS CYCLES • Many business activities are paired in give-get exchanges العديد من نشاطات الاعمال هي تزاوج لتبادلات اعطي وخذ • The basic exchanges can be grouped into five major transaction cycles. • Revenue cycle دورة الايراد • Expenditure cycle دورة الانفاق • Production cycle دورة الانتاج او التحويل • Human resources/payroll cycle دورة الرواتب • Financing cycle دورة التمويل

  8. REVENUE CYCLE • The revenue cycle involves interactions with your customers. تشتمل على تفاعلات مع العملاء • You sell goods or services and get cash. انت تبع بضاعة او خدمات وتحصل في المقابل على نقد. Give Goods Get Cash

  9. EXPENDITURE CYCLE • The expenditure cycle involves interactions with your suppliers. تشتمل على تفاعلات مع الموردين • You buy goods or services and pay cash. انت تشتري بضاعة او خدمات وفي المقابل تدفع نقد Give Cash Get Goods

  10. PRODUCTION CYCLE • In the production cycle, raw materials and labor are transformed into finished goods. في دورة الانتاج, المواد الاولية والعمالة يتم تحويلها الى بضاعة تامة الصنع. Give Raw Materials & Labor Get Finished Goods

  11. HUMAN RESOURCES/PAYROLL CYCLE • The human resources cycle involves interactions with your employees. تشتمل على تفاعلات مع الموظفين • Employees are hired, trained, paid, evaluated, promoted, and terminated. الموظفين يعينو ويدربو ويدفع لهم ويقيمو من قبل الادارة ويتم الاستغناء عنهم. Give Cash Get Labor

  12. FINANCING CYCLE • The financing cycle involves interactions with investors and creditors. تتضمن على تافاعلات مع المستثمرين والمقرضين • You raise capital (through stock or debt), repay the capital, and pay a return on it (interest or dividends). الشركات ترفع راسمالها من خلال طرح الاسهم او الاستدانة(سندات او قروض), اعادة دفع رأس المال ودفع عائد علية, الاسهم على شكل توزيعات ارباح, والديون على شكل فوائد. Give Cash Get cash

  13. BUSINESS CYCLES • Thousands of transactions can occur within any of these cycles. الالاف من العمليات ممكن حدووثها خلال هذه الدورات • But there are relatively few types of transactions in a cycle. لكن نسبيا هناك عدد محدود من انواع العمليات في اي دورة • EXAMPLE: In the revenue cycle, the basic give-get transaction is: في دورة الايراد الاساس في اعطي-خذ هو: • Give goods اعطي بضاعة • Get cash خذ نقد

  14. BUSINESS CYCLES • Other transactions in the revenue cycle include: • Handle customer inquiries • التعامل مع استفسارات العملاء • Take customer orders • أخذ اوامر العملاء • Approve credit sales • المصادقة على قيمة امبيعات • Check inventory availability • التأكد من توفر البضاعة في المخازن • Initiate back orders • انشاء اوامر عكسية( اوامر بيع) • Pick and pack orders تجهيز الاوامر • Ship goods شحن البضاعة • Bill customers تنظيم فواتير العملاء • Update sales and Accts Rec. for sales • تحديث المبيعات و حسابات العملاء بقيمة المبيعات • Receive customer payments • استلام مدفوعات العميل • Update Accts Rec. for collections • تحديث حسابات العملاء بالمبالغ المحصلة • Handle sales returns, discounts, & bad debts • معالجة المردودات والخصومات والديون المعدومة • Prepare management reports • اعداد تقارير ادارية بالعمليات التي تمت • Send info to other cycles • ارسال معلومات الى الدورات الاخرى Note that the last activity in any cycle is to send information to other cycles.

  15. BUSINESS CYCLES • Every transaction cycle: • Relates to other cycles • كل دورة عملية متصلة بدورات اخرى • Interfaces with the general ledger and reporting system, which generates information for management and external parties. • ترتبط وتتصل بدفتر الاستاذ العام ونظام اعداد التقارير, والذي بدورهما يزودوا الادارة والاطراف الخارجية بالمعلومات التي يحتاجونها لاتخاذ القرارات

  16. Finished Goods Expenditure Cycle Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The revenue cycle • Gets finished goods from the production cycle تحصل عاى البضاعة الجاهزة من دورة الانتاج • Provides funds to the financing cycle يزود دورة التمويل بالاموال • Provides data to the General Ledger and Reporting System تزويد الاستاذ العام ونظام التقارير بالبيانات Data Funds General Ledger and Reporting System Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle

  17. Expenditure Cycle Raw Mats. Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The expenditure cycle • Gets funds from the financing cycle تحصل على الاموال من دورة التمويل • Provides raw materials to the production cycle تزويد دورة الانتاج بالمواد الاولية • Provides data to the General Ledger and Reporting System Data Funds General Ledger and Reporting System Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle

  18. Finished Goods Expenditure Cycle Raw Mats. Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The production cycle: • Gets raw materials from the expenditure cycle تحصل على المواد الاولية من دورة الانفاق • Gets labor from the HR/payroll cycle تحصل على العمالة من دورة الرواتب • Provides finished goods to the revenue cycle تزويد دورة الايراد بالبضاعة الجاهزة • Provides data to the General Ledger and Reporting System Data General Ledger and Reporting System Labor Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle

  19. Expenditure Cycle Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The HR/payroll cycle: • Gets funds from the financing cycle تأخذ اموال من دورة التمويل • Provides labor to the production cycle تزويد دورة الانتاج بالعمالة • Provides data to the General Ledger and Reporting System General Ledger and Reporting System Labor Data Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle Funds

  20. Expenditure Cycle Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The Financing cycle: • Gets funds from the revenue cycle تحصل على اموال من دورة الايراد • Provides funds to the expenditure and HR/payroll cycles تزويد دورة الانفاق والرواتب بالاموال. • Provides data to the General Ledger and Reporting System Funds Funds General Ledger and Reporting System Data Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle Funds

  21. Expenditure Cycle Revenue Cycle Production Cycle • The General Ledger and Reporting System: • Gets data from all of the cycles تحصل بيانات من جميع الدورات • Provides information for internal and external users تزود الاطراف الداخلية والخارجية بالمعلومات Data Data Data General Ledger and Reporting System Information for Internal & External Users Data Data Human Res./ Payroll Cycle Financing Cycle

  22. BUSINESS CYCLES • Many accounting software packages implement the different transaction cycles as separate modules. الكثير من البرمجيات المحاسبية تطبق هذة الدورات بشكل منفصل. • Not every module is needed in every organization, e.g., retail companies don’t have a production cycle. ليس كل الشركات تتطلب وجود جميع الدورات, مثلا شركات المتاجر للبيع بالتجزئة لايتطلب وجود دورة للانتاج. • Some companies may need extra modules. بعض الشركات تتطلب اجزاء اضافية. • The implementation of each transaction cycle can differ significantly across companies. تطبيق كل دورة يختلف تطبيقها من شركة لاخرى. • However the cycles are implemented, it is critical that the AIS be able to: حالما هذه الدورات طبقت, فأن انظم المحاسبية تكون قادرة على: • Accommodate the information needs of managers تزويد المدراء باحتياجاتهم من المعلومات • Integrate financial and nonfinancial data. وايضا قادر على ان يصنع التكامل بين المعلومات المالية وغير المالية

  23. TRANSACTION PROCESSING:THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLEدورة معالجة البيانات • Accountants play an important role in data processing. They answer questions such as: المحاسبون يلعبون دورا مهما في معالجة البيانات ويجابوا على اسئلة مثل • What data should be entered and stored? • ما هي البيانات التي يجب ان تدخل وتخزن • Who should be able to access the data? • من يسمح له بالدخول على البيانات • How should the data be organized, updated, stored, accessed, and retrieved? • كيف يتم تنظيم وتحديث وتخزين البيانات, والنفاذ اليها واسترجاعها • How can both scheduled and unanticipated information needs be met. كيف نستطيع مقابلة البيانات المجدولة من غير المتوقعة؟ • To answer these questions, they must understand data processing concepts. للاجابةعلى هذه الاسئلة, يتطلب استيعاب مفاهيم معالجة البيانات.

  24. TRANSACTION PROCESSING:THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE • An important function of the AIS is to efficiently and effectively process the data about a company’s transactions. معالجة البيانات بفعالية وكفاءة تعتبر وظيفة مهمة للنظم المحاسبية • In manual systems, data is entered into paper journals and ledgers. • في الانظمة اليدوية البانات تدخل على الورق وغيرها من الدفاتر • In computer-based systems, the series of operations performed on data is referred to as the data processing cycle. • في الانظمة المستندة على الحاسوب , سلسلة العمليات عل البيانات , تعود الى مايسمى بدورة معالجة البيانات

  25. THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE دورة معالجة البيانات • The data processing cycle consists of four steps: تتالف من اربع مراحل • Data input ادخال البانات • Data storage تخزين البيانات • Data processing معالجة البيانات • Information output المخرجات Data inputادخال البيانات • The first step in data processing is to capture the data. الحصول على المعلومة • Usually triggered by a business activity. عادة تسبب بها نشاط الشركة • Data is captured about: • The event that occurred حدث حصل • The resources affected by the event الموارد التي تأثرت بالحدث • The agents who participatedالاشخاص الذين شاركوا

  26. DATA INPUTادخال البيانات • A number of actions can be taken to improve the accuracy and efficiency of data input: • عدد من الافعال يمكن ان تؤخذ لكي نتمكن من تحسين دقة وفعالية ادخال البيانات • Turnaround documents المستندات المرتجعة • EXAMPLE: The stub on your telephone bill that you tear off and return with your check when you pay the bill. • The customer account number is coded on the document, usually in machine-readable form, which reduces the probability of human error in applying the check to the correct account.

  27. DATA INPUT 2. Source data automation اتتممة مصدر البيانات Capture data with minimal human intervention تحصيل البيانات مع الحد الادنى من تدخل العنصر البشري, مثل: • ATMs for banking • Point-of sale (POS) scanners in retail stores 3. Well-designed source documents and data entry screens تصميم جيد لوثائق مصدر البيانات وكذلك لشاشات ادخال البيانات • How do these improve the accuracy and efficiency of data input? • لكن السؤال كيف تحسن من دقة وفاعلية ادخال البيانات؟

  28. DATA INPUT 4. Using pre-numbered documents or having the system automatically assign sequential numbers to transactions استخدام ترقيم مسبق للمستندات او استخدام نظام اوتماتيكلي لترقيم مستندات العمليات بالتتابع. 5. Verify transactions التحقق من العمليات • What does it mean if a document number is missing in the sequence? • EXAMPLE: Check for inventory availability before completing an online sales transaction.

  29. DATA STORAGEتخزين البيانات • Data needs to be organized for easy and efficient access. • البيانات بحاجة الى ان تكون منظمة لكي تكون هناك سهولة وفعالية في الدخول اليها. • Let’s start with some vocabulary terms with respect to data storage.لنبدأ ببعض المصطلحات المتعلقة بالتخزين • Ledgers / general ledger السجلات الرئيسة • Subsidiary ledger السجلات المساعدة • Coding techniques نظام الترميز • Chart of Accounts خريطة الحسابات • Journals السجلات اليومية • Audit trial تدقيق مسار العملية من البداية الى النهاية وبالعكس

  30. DATA STORAGE • Ledger ملف يستخدم لتخزين بيانات مجمعة عن موارد وعناصر الشركة A ledger is a file used to store cumulative information about resources and agents. عبارة عن ملف لتخزين معلومات متجمعة عن موارد وعناصر المشروع. We typically use the word ledger to describe the set of t-accounts. The t-account is where we keep track of the beginning balance, increases, decreases, and ending balance for each asset, liability, owners’ equity, revenue, expense, gain, loss, and dividend account. General Ledger contains summary level data for every asset, liability, equity, revenue and expense account of the organisation يحتوي على ملخص لكل حساب في الشركة

  31. DATA STORAGE Following is an example of a ledger account for accounts receivable:

  32. DATA STORAGE General ledger The general ledger is the summary level information for all accounts. Detail information is not kept in this account. Example: Suppose XYZ Co. has three customers. Anthony Adams owes XYZ $100. Bill Brown owes $200. And Cory Campbell owes XYZ $300. The balance in accounts receivable in the general ledger will be $600, but you will not be able to tell how much individual customers owe by looking at that account. The detail isn’t there.

  33. DATA STORAGE Subsidiary ledger السجلات المساعدة The subsidiary ledgers contain the detail accounts associated with the related general ledger account. حساب تفصيلي مرافق لحساب في الاستاذ العام The accounts receivable subsidiary ledger will contain three separate t-accounts—one for Anthony Adams, one for Bill Brown, and one for Cory Campbell. The related general ledger account is often called a “control” account. الحساب الموجود في الاستاذ العام يسمى حساب مراقبة The sum of the subsidiary account balances should equal the balance in the control account. مجموع ارصدة الحسابات في الدفاتر المساعدة يجب ان يساوي رصيد حساب المراقبة في الاستاذ العام.

  34. DATA STORAGE • Coding techniquesنظام الترميز • Coding is a method of systematically assigning numbers or letters to data items to help classify and organize them. There are many types of codes including: هي طريقة منظمة لتصنيف وتنظيم البيانات بأستخدام الارقام او الحروف, واكثر الطرق استخدما في الحياة العملية هي: • Sequence codes الترميز المتسلسل • Block codes الترميز بالمجموعات المتسلسلة • Group codes الترميز بالمجموعات

  35. DATA STORAGE Coding techniques • With sequence codes, items (such as checks or invoices) are numbered consecutively to ensure no gaps in the sequence. • يتم ترميز مثلا (الشكات, الفواتير , الموظفين ,اوامر الشراء واوامر البيع) بأرقام متتابعة لضمان عدم حدوث فجوات. وهذا يساعد على The numbering helps ensure that: • All items are accounted for كل العناصر تم عدها • There are no duplicated numbers, which would suggest errors or fraud لايوجد ارقام مكررة , هذا يعني لايوجد اخطاء او غش

  36. DATA STORAGE Coding techniques • When block codes are used, blocks of numbers within a numerical sequence are reserved for a particular category. • استخدام البلوكات تتضمن تسلسل رقمي ويتم حجزها لفئة معينة, يتميز هذا النوع بالمرونة بحيث انة قادر على استيعاب اي عنصر جديد. • EXAMPLE: The first three digits of a Social Security number make up a block code that indicates the state in which the Social Security number was issued: • 001-003 New Hampshire • 004-007 Maine • 008-009 Vermont

  37. DATA STORAGE Coding techniques • When group codes are used, two or more subgroups of digits are used to code an item. • يحتوي على مجموعتين جزيئه او اكثر من الارقام تستخدم لترميز اي عنصر EXAMPLE: The code in the upper, right-hand corner of many checks is a group code organized as follows: • Digits 1-2 Bank number • Digit 3-6 Branch number

  38. DATA STORAGE • Group coding schemes are often used in assigning general ledger account numbers. The following guidelines should be observed: غالبا يستخدم في ترقيم حسابات الاستاذ العام. يتم الاسترشاد بما يلي • The code should be consistent with its intended use, so make sure you know what users need. • يجب ان يكون الترميز متوافق مع نية الاستخدام لذلك يجب التاكد من حاجة المستخدم • Provide enough digits to allow room for growth. • يجب الاخذ بعين الاعتبار نمو الشركة عند الترميز • Keep it simple in order to: اجعلها سهلة لكي • Minimize costs تقليل التكاليف • Facilitate memorization تسهيل الحفظ • Ensure employee acceptance التأكد من تقبل الموظفين لها • Make sure it’s consistent with: واجعلها متوافقة مع • The company’s organization structure • Other divisions of the organization

  39. DATA STORAGE: Chart of Accountsشجرة الحسابات • The chart of accounts is a list of all general ledger accounts an organization uses. قائمة بحسابات الاستاذ العام المستخدمة في الشركة • Group coding is often used for these numbers, e.g.: • The first section identifies the major account categories, such as asset, liability, revenue, etc. • The second section identifies the primary sub-account, such as current asset or long-term investment. • The third section identifies the specific account, such as accounts receivable or inventory. • The fourth section identifies the subsidiary account, e.g., the specific customer code for an account receivable. • The structure of this chart is an important AIS issue, as it must contain sufficient detail to meet the organization’s needs. • تركيبة شجرة الحسابات موضوع مهم في تصميم نظم المعلومات المحاسبية, يجب ان تحتوي تفصيل كافي لكي تفي باحتياحات الشركة

  40. DATA STORAGE: Journalsدفاتر اليومية • In manual systems and some accounting packages, the first place that transactions are entered is the journal. • A general journal is used to record: • Non-routine transactions, such as loan payments العمليات غير الروتينية • Summaries of routine transactions ملخص العمليات الروتينية • Adjusting entries قيود التسوية • Closing entries قيود الاقفال • A special journal is used to record routine transactions. The most common special journals are: • Cash receipts المقبوظات النقدية • Cash disbursements المدفوعات النقدية • Credit sales مبيعات على الحساب • Credit purchases مشتريات على الحساب

  41. DATA STORAGE: Audit trailتدقيق مسار العملية من البداية وحتى النهاية وبالعكس • An audit trail exists when there is sufficient documentation to allow the tracing of a transaction from beginning to end or from the end back to the beginning. • تدقيق مسار العملية عندما يكون هناك مستندات كافية تسمح بتتبع مسار العملية من البداية وحتى النهاية وبالعكس • The inclusion of posting references and document numbers enable the tracing of transactions through the journals and ledgers and therefore facilitate the audit trail. • التكامل بين مراجع الترحيل وارقام المستندات تتيح تتبع العمليات من خلال السجلات اليومية والاستاذ وهذا بدورة سيؤدي الى سهولة تتبع مسار العملية.

  42. DATA STORAGE • When transaction data is captured on a source document, the next step is to record the data in a journal. • A journal entry is made for each transaction showing the accounts and amounts to be credited.

  43. DATA STORAGE • If you took a principles of financial accounting class, you probably worked with journals that looked something like this:

  44. DATA STORAGE • On Dec. 1, a sale is made to Lee Co. for $800. Lee Co. was sent Invoice No. 201 The general ledger account number for accounts receivable is No. 120. Lee Co. was about the 122nd customer, so their subsidiary account number is 120-122 • The next sale on Dec. 1 was made to May Co. for $700. • The third and final sale on Dec. 1 was made to DLK Co. for $900.

  45. DATA STORAGE • Suppose the company making these sales posts transactions at the end of each day. Consequently, at day’s end, they will post each individual transaction to the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger: • An $800 increase in accounts receivable (debit) will be posted to Lee Co.’s subsidiary account (120-122). • A $700 debit will be posted to May Co.’s subsidiary account (120-033). • A $900 debit will be posted to DLK Co.’s subsidiary account (120-111).

  46. DATA STORAGE • Then a summary journal entry must be made to the general journal. The sales for the period are totaled. In this case, they add up to $2,400. • The “120/502” that appears beneath the total indicates that a summary journal entry is made in the general journal with a debit to accounts receivable (120) and a credit to sales (502).

  47. DATA STORAGE • The entries in the general journal are periodically (or automatically) posted to the general ledger. The $2,400 debit to accounts receivable will be posted to the accounts receivable control account, and the $2,400 credit will be posted to the general ledger account for sales.

  48. DATA STORAGE • Review so far: • When routine transactions occur, they are recorded in special journals. • When non-routine transactions occur, they are recorded in the generaljournal. • Periodically, the transactions in the special journal are totaled, and a summary entry is made in the general journal. • The individual line items in the special journal are posted to the subsidiary ledger accounts. • The items in the general journal are posted to the general ledger. • Periodically, the balances in the general ledger control accounts are compared to the sums of the balances in the related subsidiary accounts. • The Rest of the Story: • As transactions occur, they are recorded in journals and then posted to ledgers. • But that’s not the end of the story. • At the end of each accounting period, we complete the process by carrying out the following steps

  49. COMPUTER-BASED STORAGE CONCEPTS • Now let’s moving on to discussing some computer-based storage concepts, including: • Entity • Attribute • Record • Data Value • Field • File • Master File • Transaction File • Database

  50. COMPUTER-BASED STORAGE CONCEPTS • An entity is something about which information is stored. • In your university’s student information system, one entity is the student. The student information system stores information about students. • What are some other entities in your student information system?

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