Chapter 2 Notes

1. Chapter 2 Notes

2. Why did the Europeans come to North America? • Asian trade routes were blocked by the rising Ottoman Empire and Ming dynasty • The Mediterranean was well mapped and therefore the Europeans knew they had to go west, or south to get to the far east. • The Portuguese controlled the south route around Africa to India and therefore they knew they needed to take a different route • Sponsorswere available- Kings and Queens paid for much of the exploration so it was now affordable to more explorers

3. Why did the Europeans come to North America? (cont’d) • Technologydeveloped to enable the trip across the Atlantic Ocean • Compass- for direction • Astrolabe- giving longitude and latitude coordinates • Faster ships that were easier to manoeuvre • Knowledge of the world- that it was not actually flat • Spanish people had discoveredgoldin Central and South America. They were making LOTS of money and other European countries wanted in on this wealth. However, most European explorers concentrated on Northern routes because Spain controlled the Caribbean routes • Cabot (Caboto) found cod off the coast of Newfoundland and many others then wanted to come andfish

4. So Let’s Review this Again: What motivated European Explorers? • Desire for WEALTH & RESOURCES • TECHNOLOGY which made the journey possible • EVENTS such as the disruption of trade • Sense of ADVENTURE & CURIOSITY

5. What is Imperialism? • A decision made by a ruler or government of one territory to dominate other territories. • While imperialism was a factor in the development of Canadian society, Canadian society TODAY does not endorse the values of imperialism. Why did the Europeans think it was OK to dominate other people and their lands? • Economic factors have to do with money and meeting basic needs • Competition • Wanting to “win the most wealth” GREED • This is why explorers put up “no trespassing” signs on the lands they claimed by putting up flags • Social factors are the roles and behaviours of people in society • Ethnocentrism • The Europeans believed that they were superior to others. They believed that they did not need to consider the rights of “inferior” people or seek to understand them. • “Inferior” = not European and not Christian

6. Intelligent • Curious • Good navigator • Brave/Gutsy/Courageous • Patient • Invader • Adventurous • Mean • Mighty • Takeover • Greedy • Trespasser • Careless • Controlling

7. Contact with First Nations • After Europeans arrived regular contact with First Nations people was ongoing. Some interactions were positive, while others were negative

8. European Interaction with First Nations Mi’kmaq • Trade between Mi’kmaq and European fishers was mutually beneficial because each side gained the goods they valued • Each side entered into the trade freely- neither side had more power than the other Beothuk • British and French assumed that they had the right to set up colonies and settlements in Newfoundland • These colonies interfered with the Beothuk fishing areas • Beothuk people took equipment from the Fr/Brit camps during the winter when the Europeans went home • Europeans returned to Nfld and punished the Beothuk for stealing. The Beothuk moved inland, away from food sources. • Disease, starvation and exposure caused the extinction of the Beothuk people.

9. French Explorers in Canada Jacques Cartier 1524- who sponsored whom and why? • King Henri II of France sponsored Giovanni de Verrazano to “connect the geographic dots in North America” 1534- who sponsored whom and why? • King of France sponsored Jacques Cartier to find a passageway to Asia through North America. The King also wanted him to find riches and claim these lands for France. First Encounters On page 52 Cartier records his first encounter with a Mi’kmaq person. What evidence in this passage tells you that Cartier was not the first European that the First Nations had encountered? • The FN were not afraid • The FN appeared to want to trade • The FN people knew they didn’t speak the language of the explorers • Cartier left a knife and sash for the FN person, we think maybe the FN person knew what a knife was from previous trading- maybe this was a warning to the FN people

10. French Explorers in Canada Pg 53- Compare the encounter from p.52 to the one on pg 53. How are the similar, how are they different? • In the second encounter the FN man tried to climb on the ship in an attempt to trade • In the second encounter the explorers appear afraid (fired a gun) of the FN people., whereas in the first encounter they approached the FN people • In both encounters the FN were welcoming the explorers onto shore Language Lives What is “faux commediamants de Canada”? Explain what it has to do with Cartier. • This means “false as diamonds from Canada” (Canada’s diamonds are fake) • Cartier returned with “riches” from Canada. He thought he found diamonds which were actually quartz crystal and he thought the iron pyrite was gold. A Difficult Winter Where did Cariter spend the winter of his second voyage? • In a camp near a settlement – Stadacona. Why could this have become problematic? • Because Cartier had insulted the Stadacona by travelling to Hochelaga against their wishes.

11. French Explorers in Canada How did the First Nations help Cartier’s crew? • The FN people made a tea from the white cedar tree that was rich in Vitamin C and this cured them of the scurvy that they were suffering from How did Cartier betray (break the trust) of the Stadoconans? • He kidnaps five FN people and takes them to France. There they all die of diseases because they had no immunity to them. Cartier Raises a Cross Date: 24 July 1534. What was raised? What did it say? • A 30 foot high cross was raised. It said “Long live the King of France”

12. French Explorers in Canada Samuel de Champlain • Motives: Why? • Find route to China • Support the conversion of First Nations to Catholics • Establish settlements (Port Royal & Quebec) • Means: How? • Sponsored by French Monarchy & Sieur de Monts (wealthy noblemen) • Contacts: Who? • Mi’maq, Innu, Kichesiprini & Ouendat helped with transportation, knowledge of the land & supplies

13. French Explorers in Canada Samuel de Champlain • 1603: Samuel de Champlain retraced Cartier’s voyages and explored the St Lawrence River. • 1604: He established the first French colony in Port-Royal in Acadia • 1608: He established a settlement in Quebec- where Stadacona had once been. • We are not sure what happened to Stadacona or Hochelaga. • Perhaps it was fighting with another FN group • Perhaps it was a smallpox epidemic. • Champlain is known as the “Father of New France”. First European to see the Ottawa River and the Great Lakes. • Champlain was a talented cartographer (map maker) and his maps became essential to later explorers.