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The Evolution of Linux: A Comprehensive Overview of Kernels, Distributions, and Package Managers

Explore the rich history and development of Unix-like operating systems, focusing on the Linux kernel and its various distributions. From the origins of Unix in the 60s to Richard Stallman’s GNU initiative in the 80s, this presentation covers key milestones including the release of Linux by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Discover the features of popular Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, and learn about package managers like APT and YUM. Uncover the diverse ecosystem that makes Linux a powerful choice for both servers and desktops.

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The Evolution of Linux: A Comprehensive Overview of Kernels, Distributions, and Package Managers

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  1. Fsckin W/ Linux The non-flashy yet extremely informative presentation

  2. Genesis • Unix OS was conceived and implemented in 60’s • 1983 - Richard Stallman and GNU • Goal was to create a free unix-like system • 1980’s – BSD • Developed at Berkely • Free copy of AT&T’s unix • 1987 – Andrew Tanenbaum and Minix • Unix-like system for academic use

  3. Genesis Cont’d • 1991 - Linus Torvalds and the Linux kernel • accident • Motivated by lack of a good, widely available kernel • 1992 – Linux kernel published under GNU GPL • Linus states that kernel needs GNU software to function

  4. What exactly is GNU/Linux • 2 Parts • Linux kernel • GNU software (desktop enviros, package managers, X, etc) • Free and Open Source Software • Hundreds of flavors (or distributions) • Predominantly known for use on servers • Desktop market is growing thanks to Ubuntu and netbooks

  5. Distros • Ubuntu • openSUSE • Fedora • Debian GNU/Linux • Mandriva • Mint • PXLinuxOS • Slackware • Gentoo • CentOS • Red Hat • FreeBSD (not a distro)

  6. Slackware • Pkgtools package manager with txz packages • Oldest distribution • Highly stable and bug free • Fans brag about simplicity • Limited # of officially supported packages • Complex upgrades • Very conservative, more so than Debian

  7. Red Hat • RPM package manager • One of the original distros • Now is mostly server focused (RHEL) • Fedora is a fork suited for desktops • Strict adherence to FSP • Enterprise market with excellent support • Easy graphical installer

  8. openSUSE • YaST package manager with RPM packages • Highly comprehensive config tool • Pleasant and polished desktop • Boxed version with excellent docs • Resource heavy desktop • Acquired by Novell in 2003 • Pussied out when approached by Microsoft

  9. Debian GNU/Linux • APT package manager with DEB packages • Very stable • over 20,000 packages in repository • Huge amount of volunteer developers • Highly conservative • Slow release cycle

  10. Mandriva • Red Hat Based • URPMI Package Manager with RPM packages • Originally called Mandrake • Primarily a desktop distro • Superb sys admin tool “DrakeConf” • Beginner friendly • Highly fragmented web presence

  11. Fedora • Red Hat based • Yum package manager with RPM packages • Very innovative • Huge contributions to kernel, gcc, glibc, xen and enterprise functions • Lacks desktop oriented strategy • Outstanding security • Strong adherence to FSP

  12. Gentoo • Portage package manager with src packages • Awesome software management info • Highly customizable • “Best documentation of any distro” • Occasional instability • Project suffers lack of direction

  13. PCLinuxOS • Mandriva based • APT package manager with RPM packages • Beginner friendly • “out-of-box” graphics driver support • KDE oriented • No release goals • No 64-bit support

  14. CentOS • Red Hat based • RHEL clone • Yum package manager with RPM packages • Server focused distro • Solid, free, server alternative • Huge time lapses b/n versions • Lacks latest Linux tech, outdated packages • 5 years of free security updates

  15. K/X/Ubuntu • APT package manager with DEB packages • Based on Debian “Sid” • Mark Shuttleworth 2004 • Highly Popular • 6 month release schedule • LTS and non-LTS • Novice friendly • Some proprietary software (Rosetta)

  16. Mint • Ubuntu based • APT package manager with DEB packages • “improved Ubuntu” • Aimed at complete Linux beginners • Inclusion of proprietary codecs • Does not adhere to FSP or issue security advis. • Developers actually listen to users

  17. FreeBSD • UNIX based, not a Linux distro • Tightly integrated kernel and “userland” • Fast, high performance, stable • Much less restrictive license than Linux • Doesn’t stack up in the Desktop category • Suited for servers

  18. Desktop Environments • GNOME • Default for lots of distros • Resource middleweight • Not as flashy • KDE • Probably the flashiest • Most customizable • Resource heavyweight • XFCE • Very resource light • Least flashy • Useful on underpowered computers/graphics cards

  19. Package Managers and Packages • Packages • RPM - Red Hat Package Manager • DEB - Debra • TXZ – just a renamed tgz file • Package Managers • APT • YUM • YaST • URPMI • Pkgtools • Portage

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