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Players in Coastal Hazard Management

Players in Coastal Hazard Management. Government Federal State Local Regional Private Landowners and Investors Non-Government Organizations. Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course. Slide 26.1. Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks.

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Players in Coastal Hazard Management

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  1. Players in Coastal Hazard Management • Government • Federal • State • Local • Regional • Private Landowners and Investors • Non-Government Organizations Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.1

  2. Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks • Rights • Privileges • Restrictions • Duties Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.2

  3. Rights of Ownership • The right of possession • The right to control • The right of enjoyment • The right of disposition Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.3

  4. Limits on Ownership • Common law restrictions on property uses • The police power • Eminent domain • Property taxation Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.4

  5. Factors in Coastal Development Decisions • Demand • Risk • Hazards • Regulation • Infrastructure • Time Value of Money Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.5

  6. Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions • Public information programs • Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas • Policies that require hazard mitigation • Impact fees for services in hazardous areas • Density bonuses for projects outside • Low-cost loans for mitigation • Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas • Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas • Differential loan rates for hazard areas Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.6

  7. Non-Governmental Organizations • Natural Resources Defense Council • Sierra Club • Center for Marine Conservation • other environmental and public interest groups Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.7

  8. Non-Governmental Organizations: Land Trusts • The Nature Conservancy • Local groups Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.8

  9. Non-Governmental Organizations: Private Interest Groups • Investment organizations • Energy organizations • Development organizations Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.9

  10. Non-Governmental Organizations: Professional Associations • floodplain managers • emergency managers • planners/architects • engineers • builders • bankers/insurers • landscapers Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.10

  11. Government Coalitions • chambers of commerce • leagues of municipalities • county government leagues • regional councils of government Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.11

  12. Third Sector Capabilities • mobilize public and political support • shape public opinion • attract diverse funding • leverage scarce resources Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.12

  13. Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal Development • Withhold government subsidies for development • Land use planning • Restrict/prohibit structures Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.13

  14. Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters • New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812 • Chicago Fire of 1873 • Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889 • Galveston Hurricane of 1900 • San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906 • Miami Hurricane of 1926 • Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927 • New England Hurricane of 1938 Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.14

  15. Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s • Disaster loans made available for public facilities • Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.15

  16. Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s • The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk • More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters • Hurricane Hazel, 1954 • Hurricane Diana, 1955 • Hurricane Audrey, 1957 Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.16

  17. Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s • Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961 • Natural Disasters: • Ash Wednesday Storm • Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami • Hurricane Betsy • Hurricane Camille • National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968 Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.17

  18. Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s • 100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters • Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979 Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.18

  19. Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and 1990s • The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question. • The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters: • Hurricane Hugo, 1989 • Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989 • Hurricane Andrew, 1992 • Hurricane Iniki, 1992 Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.19

  20. A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery • James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA • FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993 • Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.20

  21. Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s • Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level • FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation • FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.21

  22. Post September 11th • Department of Homeland Security created • FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.22

  23. Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard? • The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards. Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.23

  24. State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas • Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas • Coastal setbacks • Limit public provision of infrastructure • Mandatory building codes • Mandate local planning Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.24

  25. Local Land Use Management Tools • comprehensive land use plans • zoning/subdivision ordinances • capital improvement programs • historic district regulations • land acquisition programs • targeted taxation assessments • impact fees • annexation programs Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.25

  26. Disaster Resilient Local Communities • Property tax base located in safe areas • Property built to withstand natural hazards • Economically secure • Financially stable • Sustainable Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.26

  27. Issues of Regional Concern • public policy • administration • resource management • pollution control • economic development • other social, political, or environmental concerns Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.27

  28. Forms of Regional Governance • regulatory (with or without enforcement powers) • administrative • advisory • voluntary councils/federations Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.28

  29. Elements of Success in Regional Governance • authority for implementation • fiscal autonomy • legal flexibility in interpreting mandates • professionalism among staff • clear goals • proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.29

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