Original Edition Prepared For: NAMB’s 2006 Leadership Summit Current Revision Prepared For:

1. A Review of American History to Understand America’s Current Cultural Status and The Implications for Evangelization(Part 1) Original Edition Prepared For: NAMB’s 2006 Leadership Summit Current Revision Prepared For: SBC State Convention Directors of Mission & Missouri, Oklahoma & South Carolina Staff Meetings in 2007 Prepared by: Dr. James B. Slack, Missiologist of IMB, SBC

2. A Note To The Viewers & Usersof this PowerPoint Presentation This PowerPoint presentation is supported by at least two other Word source documents. The major one of the two is Frontiers of Lostness in the US.

3. The Aim and Context of this Ethnic Immigration History Presentation The aim of this presentation is to explore and present a history of immigration into the USA from 1775 to the present with a view to exposing major implications concerning church planting then and now.

4. Section 1: Biblical Backgroundfor Evangelizers

5. Context of This Presentation All that is presented in this biblical background section goes at least back to Abraham when God moved to make Abraham the father of ethnic peoples, ethnic evangelization and ethnic blessings that extended even to the families (phulagi in Greek). Genesis 12:1 Now the Lord said to Abram, Go out from your country and from your family and from your father's house, into the land to which I will be your guide: 2 And I will make of you a great nation [ethnos—an ethnic people group), blessing you and making your name great; and you will be a blessing. 3 I will bless those who bless you, And I will curse him who curses you; And in you all the families (tribes, clans, peoples) of the earth shall be blessed." To bring Himself as Saviour into this world in an incarnate state, God chose Abraham as the basis for developing a distinct ethnic people group—Israel (the people of God). Israel would be the channel through which the lineage and heritage of Jesus would flow and come into this world in the flesh.

6. Context of This Presentation God promised Abraham and us through Abraham that He would make of Abraham a great “nation” (ethnic people group) through whom (Israel-the people of God) He would engage and blessn not only every ethnic group but also every tribe (phulagi—translated as tribe and family that follows within the lineage of a clan, a tribe, an ethnic group). Throughout God’s developing of His ethnic people group Israel, God continually pleaded that Israel put Him first, clean up their life--personal and national-- and ultimately take His hope of salvation to the “panta ta ethne” (each and every ethnic group). All of this history from Abraham in Genesis is summarized in Christ’s Great Commission (Matthew 28:19 & 20).

7. Context of Presentation For Israel from its beginning in Abraham unto spiritual Israel now (each Christian and each Church), the “panta ta ethne” was and is the focus of “making disciples.” The “panta ta ethne” obligation can be seen in the Old Testament in the “stranger in thy home,” the “stranger (ethnic) in thy midst.” On occasion in the O.T., as with Jonah, God called individual witnesses to take His message to other ethnic groups. In Jonah’s eyes, Nineveh was a major enemy of Israel, deserving to be damned forever. In God’s eyes the people of Nineveh were a “lost” ethne to be “evangelized.” And, God worked to make him go.

8. Context of Title & Presentation The story of Jonah is one of a number of stories as to how God reminded Israel that their mission in life was to be the channel of the Messiah to lost ethnes. Israel was to be the messenger to the lost (enemy or not) concerning God’s promise of salvation. In this case, with significant coaxing, Jonah came through, Nineveh was delivered, and Israel continued in its move toward its destiny. Even then, Jonah’s ethnocentricity would not allow him to enjoy the conversion of an entire city. All Christians face this same issue of the ethnic people groups, friends or foes among us, who need to be evangelized.

9. Context of Title & Presentation However, in multiple other situations like the one Jonah faced, Israel did not respond to God’s coaxing to clean up their lives and be His messenger to the “panta ta ethne.” As a result, God punished Israel by allowing Israel’s enemies to occupy Israel, the Holy Land, allowed them to take His people into captivity. Only by means of a remnant that God saved and brought out of those in captivity did Israel survive. Throughout the Testament history it continued to be difficult for Israel to remember and respond to God’s mission to the “panta ta ethne” through them—His chosen people.

10. Context of Title & Presentation In the last two years, Acts 1:8 has been a major theme of the SBC and the focus of many SBC events. Southern Baptists could have no more biblical nor historically appropriate theme at this time in its history. However, many fail to interpret Acts 1:8 in the context of the “panta ta ethne” in Matthew 28:19 & 20 which is telling the new Christian believers that they are to be conscious of, identify, engage and evangelize every ethnic group (panta ta ethne) in one’s Jerusalem; every ethnic group in one’s Judea; every ethnic group in one’s Samaria; and every ethnic group in one’s uttermost. This connection is much easier to grasp when one reads Matthew 28:19 & 20 followed immediately by Acts 1 and the illustration of the “panta ta ethne” in their Jerusalem in Acts 2. My thanks goes out to my fellow presenters during this NAMB leaders summit for parts of their presentations that have laid the foundation for this topic. (Remember or notice that the first edition of this presentation was first developed and presented during a leadership summit of NAMB when multiple presenters preceded this presentation.)

11. Contextual Issues other Presenters Covered During the Summit I am grateful that Dr. Towns of Liberty University reviewed the foundation of “ta ethne” as God’s mandate from Christ and the Scripture for all believers of all times. From the time of God’s call and promise to Abraham and beyond to Jesus’ giving His Great Commission’s “ta ethne” focus, an ethnolinguistic people group focus has existed for all believers. Acts 1:8 and all of Acts 1 & 2 underlines the Great Commission’s ethnic mandate.

12. Contextual Issues other Presenters Covered I am grateful to Dr. Roy Fish for talking about historic awakening type growth in the 1950s and about the importance of Worldview awareness in ministering to any ethnic of any time. I am also grateful to Dr. Lawless for talking about “Exegeting the City” and giving attention to the variety of ethnic, Great Commission, people groups during his Acts 1:8 presentations. I am also committed to Dr. Fish’s worldview emphasis because dealing with “worldview” is one of basic reasons for a biblical “ta ethne” focus and mandate.

13. Contextual Issues Assumed As Background Acts 1:8 has less to do with the actual or symbolic geographical implications related to “Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and the uttermost” than to it’s link with the Great Commission’s “panta ta ethne” focus. Thus, a “panta ta ethne” focus starts in Jerusalem and remains a priority in each of those geographic settings. Luke 24, Matthew 28 and Acts 2 present Jesus as placing the “seeing” and “engaging” of the “panta ta ethne” (ethnic engagement) in one’s heart language foremost in the life of every believer.

14. Echoing a Pleading of God about His “ta ethne” Focus Given to Israel & Christians • The Great Commission’s “panta ta ethne” mandate is: • to engage every ethnolinguistic group in the world • to engage each ethne in their heart language, and • to engage them at their worldview belief, habits, values and living level--a paramount obligation for every Christian in the Great Commission and elsewhere in the Scriptures. At the same time, a people group focus does not rule out engaging society according to other groupings such as students, the classes, etc., as long as the primary commitment is that of engaging every ethnic group in one’s midst.

15. Echoing a Pleading of God about His “ta ethne” Focus Given to Israel & Christians Even though other groupings of people are allowed, if a “panta ta ethne” priority has not been given by Christ’s followers to the various ethnics in any given geographic setting—one’s “Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria or uttermost”—then the Christians in those geographic settings should set about to aggressively identify the ethnics who live there. They should establish a priority evangelism focus among each ethnic group to be true to Christ’s Great Commission.

16. Echoing a Pleading of God about His “ta ethne” Focus The issue of worldview rests upon the following: • Every sane person has a Worldview—beliefs, values, habits, and lifestyle practices common to the person, the person’s family & his ethne. • Worldview is laid down in the idiom of the heart language of each person as that person develops from a new born baby to an adult. • Engaging a worldview is most effectively done through the person’s ethnic heart language.

17. Questions God Pleads That We Ask and Answer in Every Generation! • Who are the specific “ta ethne” who are outside our doors in our current “Jerusalem” and beyond? • Have we taken the time to identify the “stranger” in our midst and the “strangers” (ethne=ethnic people groups) at our door in our Jerusalem? • What is the stranger’s (ethne’s) purpose and spiritual status in our “home” setting, in our town, our county (possibly our Judea), our state and country (possibly our uttermost)? • Are our SBC churches in the USA, as Israel was in the Old Testament era, so engrossed in our “own kind of people”—mainly the Anglo ta ethne--such that other “ta ethne” are seldom even seen by us?

18. Questions God Pleads That We Ask and Answer in Every Generation! • If certain “ta ethne” in our Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria or the uttermost are our “enemies,” whether considered so by us or by them, or by both, are we engaging them with a view to bringing them to Christ? • Or, are there “ethne” on our list like Nineveh was to Jonah whom we consider as “deserving only to die lost and condemned by God and man,” and not deserving the chance to hear and live? • Can we give a positive “count” (numerical) and therefore an “account” (spiritual) of the ethnics around us?

19. The Main Question To Ask! Are we sleeping like Israel slept in times when God asked Israel to move beyond an almost single focus on “their own kind” of God-chosen people, in order to engage and evangelize the “ta ethne” among them? Or, are we taking note of every ethnic group who moves among us, and are we taking steps to evangelize them?

20. The Main Consequence To Consider! Israel in her life as a chosen people from the time of Israel’s entry into “the Promised Land” to the coming of Christ was often warned by prophets sent by God concerning their mission on earth as a people. Time and time again the prophets warned Israel that if she did not repent and come back from her backslidden life, then He would judge them by sending them into captivity. Most often they did not repent, and time and time again God sent them into physical and national captivity. He could do the same to people and nations today if they ignore the “ta ethne”.

21. A Historical Look at the Status, Engagement and Implications of Immigrants (the Ta Ethne) in the United States from 1775 to 2006 A Version Designed for the NAMB Leadership Summit and Significantly Updated for SBC State ConventionStaffs & for Directors of Mission & Others

22. The Three Periods that Established American as a Nation that Resulted in Future-Altering Changes in the USA in our Time The first of the three periods occurred between 1775 and 1924. We will extend the 1924 immigration date to the 1940s in order to present a combined secular and religious picture of that formative period. The second period of change occurred between 1945 and 1965 which can be called the “Golden Age of Christianity in the USA.” The third period of change occurred between 1965 and 2006 A.D. This section summarizes trends observed to give evidence of drastic changes and deviations from the past. Many Christians are unaware of the changes and the implications of all the changes since 1965.

23. Section 2: A Look At Immigration in the USA from 1775 to 1940s

24. Documentation of This “Look At Immigration from 1775 to 1940s” Every concept and all the data included is well documented. Almost every entry is backed by more than one source. Will Herberg, a major historian of immigration prior to and during the 1950s & 1960s is a major source. Herberg worked through and cited over 339 major sources in his classic work. This author has followed up on every one of those sources. Oscar Handlin was quoted often by Herberg. Handlin also was a major, Pulitzer Prize winning, researcher of immigration and the formation of the United States of America. Handlin cited hundreds of other social, religious and statistical researchers of his era. This author, like Handlin did with Herberg’s writing, followed up on most of Handlin’s sources. Both author’s works are seen as classics and are highly quoted and respected even today. Handlin’s Pulitzer Price was for his The Uprooted. Multiple other religious sources beyond these two authors were consulted in developing the religious comments and interpretations in this presentation.

25. Documentation of This “Look At Immigration from 1775 to 1940s” The compiler of this document on immigration to the USA searched current sources for any who disputed Herberg’s and Handlin’s findings. Herberg and Handlin published in the 1950s & 1960s. That body of research when joined with research from the mid-1960s and after provides great clarity and vital understanding of our religious & social situation today. Those responsible for engaging and evangelizing the lost in this generation should pay attention to the lessons from the past.

26. Exploring The Ta Ethne Migration from 1775 to the 1940s An old proverb says: “those who do not consider and pay attention to history are doomed to repeat it.” Again, a look at Israel in the Old Testament era tells us that when Israel ignored God and God’s work in history, God instigated their downfall. (See Ezekiel 1-4)

27. Will Herberg’s & Oscar Handlin’s Research Findings Oscar Handlin said in the 1950s: “Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American history”The Uprooted, The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People. (p. 3. Little Brown, 1957) (Handlin’s Pulitzer Prize work.) This is the most significant and critical reality for America and American Christians to understand, then and now. We will explore the “then” first, followed by a look at the “now” in parts 2 and 3 of this document. America is a nation of immigrants.

28. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants America was founded, grew and flourished in terms of immigrant ethnic peoples, immigrant religious adherents and the churches they planted in the emerging nation. We will explore those categories. Herberg described America following 1607 saying: “The colonists who came to these shores from the time of the founding of Jamestown in 1607 to the outbreak of the Revolution were mostly of English and Scottish stock, augmented by a considerable number of settlers of Dutch, Swedish, German, and Irish origin.” Handlin and Herberg said often: Almost all came from Christian background roots.

29. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • Herberg and Handlin said in separate research documents in the 1950s: “At the time of the Revolution, this British-Protestant element (usually, though inaccurately, known as ‘Anglo-Saxon’) constituted at least 75 per cent of the 3,000,000 whites who made up the new nation (in 1775)”. • “In addition, there were about three quarters of a million (750,000) ‘African Americans’” in U.S. in 1775. • “The great influx of ethnics came in the next century.”

30. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants In the early 1960s Herberg, Handlin and Hansen said separately in their publications: “In three huge waves, stretching over something more than a hundred years, over 35,000,000 men and women left Europe to come to continental United States.” This 35 million extended the 3 million base of 1775. In 2003, a book about the new Americans said: “At the time colonial America declared its independence from British rule in 1776: • Nearly 80% of people in the colonies were white Europeans from England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Sweden. • Just over 20% were slaves from Africa” (The Newest Americans. Editor Susan Madoff of Creative Media Applications, Greenwood Press, 2003. p.8) “Over the next 200 years, more than 70 million people from around the world would immigrate to the United States.” (The Newest Americans, p. 8) In this introduction, it should be clear that as American history passed, immigration continued to be the most defining trait of the United States.

31. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • By the time the great migrations were past, the British-Protestant element had been reduced to less than half the population, and Americans had become linguistically and ethnically the most diverse people on earth.” (Herberg and Handlin). However, even by 1950, there were only a small percentage of the US population who did not come from Christian background settings. (Herberg, Handlin & Hansen). Obviously, the late coming Catholics figured into the mix, especially in the 1900s.

32. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • The melding force was a combination of the frontier, economics and the continuing waves of ethnic immigrant arrivals from 1775 to 1924. • Immigrants found plenty of opportunities to work on the Westward moving frontier and came in waves seeking frontier jobs & land. • It is important to note that the flow of most of the immigrants to the frontier meant minimal settling by them in their own ethnic enclaves. The frontier caused their coming and their melding, their assimilation.

33. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • This flow of a majority of the immigrants who came in waves seeking frontier jobs, played the major role in shaping America linguistically and culturally. Again, the frontier was the assimilating factor and force. • Their basic desire was to live in their own ethnic enclaves and not assimilate. The frontier blocked them. • As successive waves of immigrants came to the US over 100 years, the “push” of each wave contributed to the rising of first generation immigrants from menial frontier jobs to climb to middle class manager/ business status on and just behind the frontier’s leading edge. Second generation ethnics replaced the first generation as the manual laborers. The shaping and melding of America was in gear. It worked.

34. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • Foundationally, it is very important to understand that it was: • the freedom in America, • the emerging democracy in America, • the vast Western frontier of the Continent, • the letters from friends and family telling them to come and join them on the vast frontier, • the Western push of the people to experience freedom, own land, and prayerfully have a much brighter future, • The poverty, the hopelessness, and the peasant status of the immigrants in Europe That lured them to America and its vast Frontier that caused them to assimilate and meld to a degree.

35. The Economics of Immigrants “From 1830 to 1930, Irish, Bohemians, Slovaks, Hungarians, and many other peoples followed each other in the service of the pick and shovel, each earlier group, displaced by newcomers, moving upward in the occupational and social scale…if successive waves of immigration served as the ‘push’ in this pattern of occupational advancement, education and acculturation to American ways provided the immigrants with the opportunity of making the most of it,…” (Herberg)

36. The Shaping of A New “Nation” It is very important to notice in this history that: • “The lure and fact of the frontier that brought the immigrants by the millions caused the assimilation, the melding, of the immigrants.” Non-assimilation was not a choice and would not have been their choice by many ethnic groups. • Historically, the immigrants would liked to have settled in among their “own kind of people” and produced ethnic enclaves within the USA • The mass of immigrants and the fact of the frontier minimized the peoples’ choice and forced assimilation over a 150-year period of time

37. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • In this shaping process, the second generation of immigrants assumed the jobs of the vacated first generation immigrants who moved up the job ladder. • As the frontier moved farther westward and as new waves of immigrants came to America, the movement from menial to managerial jobs continued and the appearance of educational opportunities on the frontier increased its occurrence and the varied status in US. Though the US frontier was not near 50% literate, schools tended to follow the frontier westward. • The push of the frontier and education in English language in schools minimized wholesale settlement of immigrants within ethnic enclaves, except where enclaves developed in a few cities.

38. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants Thus, the Americanization process did produce in the somewhat melded population a fairly common English language among the ethnics. In order to “move up the ladder” socially and economically, each wave of immigrant ethnics had to push their ethnic language into the home and family, while publically adopting English as the language of the workplace and society. Many ethnic languages did persist in the family for 100 years. Traces of them exist today. For instance, it was the late 1970s before Swedish Baptists in the US renamed themselves Baptist General Conference.

39. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants • In many of the families of the various ethnic groups in each successive wave, the older first generation families found it difficult to give up their homeland language for English. • However, pronounced (pun intended) regional, and some sub-regional, dialectical accents, worldview expressions and word choices remain even today within US regions. This does not mean that everybody learned English immediately or at all. • Again, some immigrants did settle in cities and were often able to duplicate their ethnic status there.

40. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants Americanization of the various European ethnics: • Even though they learned English for economic reasons, this language melding did not erase all of their ethnic identities. Illustrations abound and persist even today concerning this fact. • A major, a key, fact of the immigrants and the frontier was that language melding did not erase their religious identity from the old country.Of all their ethnic qualities, their religious identity came over from the old country, and came to the fore. As public ethnic language use was stripped from them, they tended to hold on to and underline their religious heritage. For many, their original ethnic language persisted. Many Catholic parishes were established along ethnic language lines. This was not as common among Protestants.

41. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants Most of the regional dialectical and worldview differences in the US can be traced to ethnic heritages that persisted. Consider the Cajuns in Louisiana. Also, consider the German dairy communities that existed throughout the nation. For other examples see the DVD package entitled The Appalachians(A PBS video), and the Gente de Razon, a San Antonio, Texas Catholic Missions video on the five missions. This second video was produced by the US Parks and Historical Society.

42. A Look At 1775 to 1950—America, A Nation of “Panta ta ethne” Immigrants American frontier history shaped and “melded” only to a degree the European “ta ethne” peoples. Irish Catholics and other ethnic groups persist to this day. Enclaves of them exist in many urban settings. • At the same time, due to the frontier and the economic push over a 150-year period, these multiple ethnic groups were melded mainly into an “Anglo Saxon” or Anglo-Saxon-oriented culture, at least in terms of language.It is out of this process that the WASP title arose—White Anglo Saxon Protestant. Do remember that the majority of the melded Americans by the end of the first wave of migration (1924) were Protestants.

43. A Look At 1775 to 1950—American Indians and Africans in America American Indians, or more appropriately called Native Americans, who were the only Americans in the 1500s and 1600s, and who existed in many ethnic groupings, are said by various historians to have suffered the most between 1775 and 1924 as the European ethnics came and settled the American frontier from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Included in this would be the Spanish migrations into Latin America which migrated into the Southwest and Western parts of America.

44. The American Indian from 1600 to 1900 • The first, and earliest, change was the overrunning of the American Indians by the European immigrants. This wave pushed them farther inland. • Of an estimated 300 plus original languages spoken by American Indians, 175 living languages remain (National Museum of the American Indian, the Smithsonian Institute) • Optimum estimates of the pre-Columbian Native American population was 15,000,000 to 18,000,000 (Linguistic Anthropologist R. David Edmonds of UT Dallas)

45. The American Indian from 1600 to 1900 • By 1860 in the continental USA there were official government counts or estimates of 339,421 American Indians (James Collins, Native Americans in the Census, 1860-1890) • By 1880 the American Indian count was 305,543. (Collins) • Like all early US Census data, this data was based upon a projected sample. The issue here is the decline from 15,000,000 to 306,543. • Few American Indians were evangelized from 1600 to 1900. This does not minimize the great work of Brainard and others.

46. African Americans from 1600 to 1900 • In 1619 the first known or recorded African Americans arrived in English colonial America • It is historically important to note that the African slaves brought mainly from West Africa, had in West Africa “lived in complex, organized, structured market economies in which they participated as producers, traders, brokers, merchants, and entrepreneurs.” (p. 19; “African Americans” by Juliet E.K. Walber in A Nation of Peoples by Greenwood Press.

47. African “Imports” from 1620-1870 1620-1700 = 20,500 1701-1760 = 188,600 (18,000 to French La.) 1761-1800 = 212,361 (None of these to La.) 1800-1870 = 175,290 (10,200 of these to La.) (p. 20, Table 1 of A Nation of Peoples compiled from Philip D. Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, Madison Univ. 1969) Just prior to the Civil War, “out of the 8 million whites in the fifteen slave states, only 385,000 owned slaves.” (p. 24, Ibid.) During this period, a majority were evangelized.

48. The “Great Migration” In The USA “The period from 1910 to 1920 is known as the Great Migration in African American history. The era marked the beginning of the black urban ghetto, but it was not until 1940 that more than 50 percent of blacks lived in places of more than 2,500 people.” (p. 30, Ibid) “In 1910 there were 10 million blacks, with 90 percent living in the South and 80 percent living in rural areas. Between 1917 and 1920, an estimated 700,000 to 1 million blacks left the South, followed by another 800,000 to 1 million during the 1920s. In addition there was also the immigrations of blacks from the West Indies—most of whom settled in New York or Florida.” (p. 30, Ibid)

49. The Migration of African Americans within the US • “Nevertheless, more southern blacks migrated to southern cities between 1900 and 1920 than to northern cities. In some southern cities they soon comprised from 25 to 50 percent of the total population, whereas in northern cities they never exceeded 10 percent.” (p. 31, Ibid) • In the last half of the 20th Century some African Americans melded into traditional Anglo society, while others continued to live within African American groupings. • Increasingly from 1700 to the present, a distinct African American culture has developed in the USA, just as a distinct Hispanic American culture has been developing and escalating in the USA from the mid-1900s to the present. • African Americans to the present tend to be religious and tend to maintain a Protestant identity with the majority being affiliated with Methodist and Baptist churches. “

50. A Look At African Americans by 1980 “There were an estimated 25 million Afro-Americans in the U.S. in the mid-1970s, a figure making them not only the largest ethnic group in America, but second only to Afro-Brazilians in the Western Hemisphere.” (p. 5 of Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Stephen Thernstrom, Editor) Voluntary migration has brought a good many others since the 1800s. (p. 5, Ibid) “Not since 1880 have Afro-Americans comprised more than 12 percent of the nation…” (Ibid)