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Differential Diagnoses and Treatment of Oral Lesions

Differential Diagnoses and Treatment of Oral Lesions. Susan Müller , DMD, MS Professor Department of Pathology Department of Otolaryngology Winship Cancer Institute Emory University School of Medicine. Goals Focus on 5 common benign conditions in the oral cavity. Mouth Ulcers:

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Differential Diagnoses and Treatment of Oral Lesions

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  1. Differential Diagnoses and Treatment of Oral Lesions Susan Müller, DMD, MS Professor Department of Pathology Department of Otolaryngology Winship Cancer Institute Emory University School of Medicine

  2. GoalsFocus on 5 common benign conditions in the oral cavity • Mouth Ulcers: • Aphthous Ulcers • Herpes Simplex Virus 1 • Oral Lichen Planus • Geographic tongue • Candidiasis • Burning Mouth Syndrome

  3. Goals • Discuss clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment

  4. Acute vs Chronic Multiple vs Single Location Duration Associated pain Induration Other mucosal lesions Cutaneous lesions Systemic diseases Medications Any known triggers Oral UlcersQuestions to think about when evaluating oral ulcers

  5. Aphthous Ulcers

  6. Recurrent minor aphthous ulcer  1 cm; fibrinopurulent membrane surrounded by erythema

  7. Aphthous Ulcer - Triggers • Decrease in the mucosal barrierTrauma,pernicious anemia • Increase in antigenic exposure Foods, flavoring agents • Primary immunodysregulation Behcets, Crohns, celiac disease, cyclic neutropenia, AIDS, stress

  8. Recurrent Orolabial HSV1

  9. Recurrent HSV-1 Reactivation of the virus can be triggered by GI upsets, stress, menses, solar radiation, extreme cold, or other infections. Recurrent lesions are less severe than the primary infection. Recurrent lesions present with a burning sensation, erythema of the affected area, vesiculation, ulceration and crust formation

  10. Aphthous Ulcer vs HSV

  11. Treatment for Aphthae Topical steroids – either rinse or cream/gel Systemic steroid – good for multiple lesions or those in the oropharynx Bloodwork

  12. Aphthae Treatment Dexamethasone elixir 0.5 mg/5ml Dispense 500 ml Sig: 1 tsp quid; hold for 3 mins, spit out, no food or liquid for 30 mins For easy to reach spots like lips can use a topical steroid such as Lidex gel or cream or more potent steroid like Clobetasol.

  13. Treatment for Aphthae Intralesional steroid injection-about 0.3-0.5 cc of 40mg/cc triamcinolone

  14. TreatmentRecurrent HSV Infection Topical • RX: Acyclovir 5%ointment (Zovirax) • Disp: 15 gm • Sig: Apply hourly at the onset of symptoms • RX: Pencyclovir 1% cream (Denavir) • Disp: 2 gm • Sig Apply every 2 hrs during waking hrs for 4 days at the onset of symptoms

  15. Recurrent HSV Treatment Systemic • RX: Valacyclovir 1 gm (Valtrex) • Disp: 4 caplets • Sig: Take 2 caps at prodrome and 2 caps 12h later • RX: Famciclovir 500 mg (Famvir) • Disp: 3 tablets • Sig: 3 tablets at first sign of symptoms • RX: Acyclovir 400mg (Zovirax) • Disp 50 capsules • Sig: 1 capsule bid at onset of symptoms for 3-5 days.

  16. At sick call appointment in the dental clinic, he was told to “brush his teeth with his finger” since a toothbrush was too painful.

  17. Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis • In the US, 70-90% of adults have antibodies to HSV-1. • Highest incidence of HSV-1 occurs in children aged 6 months to 3 years. • 99% of affected individuals undergo a subclinical infection – in children may be confused with eruption gingivitis • 1% of individuals develop full-blown primary herpetic gingivostomatitis:  temp, regional lymphadenopathy, difficulty eating

  18. Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis 1º lesions are highly infectious including the saliva 1º infection lasts up to 2 weeks After the initial infection the virus goes into latency

  19. RX: Acyclovir 400 mg Disp: 32 capsules Sig: 2 capsules tid for the first 3 days then 1 capsule bid for 7 days RX: Famvir 500 mg Disp: 20 tablets Sig: 1 tablet bid for 10 days Treatment for Primary HSV-1

  20. Oral Lichen Planus Oral Lichen Planus

  21. Reticular form Most common asymptomatic Wickham’s striae Bilat BM, tongue, gingiva, palate, vermilion border Plaque form Dorsal tongue

  22. Erosive OLP: • less common • symptomatic • Atrophic erythematous areas with central ulceration • bordered by fine, white radiating striae

  23. Treatment of Erosive OLP Decadron elixir: 0.5 mg/ 5ml Disp 500 ml 1 tsp qid, hold 3mins, spit out, no food/liquid for 30mins Compounded rinse: Triamcinolone rinse 4mg/ml Severe – systemic prednisone

  24. Gingival Lichen PlanusTreatment • In addition to the steroid mouthrinse: • Doxycycline 100mg QD for 90 days then reevaluate

  25. Oral Lichen PlanusDifferential Diagnosis • Oral lichenoid drug reactions to systemic drugs • Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity • “Lichenoid dysplasia” • Chronic graft-versus-host disease

  26. Geographic Tongue Clinical lesions generally present on the anterior two-thirds of the dorsal tongue as multiple, well-demarcated zones of erythema due to atrophy of the filliform papillae. These zones may be surrounded by a white circinate border.

  27. Treatment of Geographic Tongue • Usually not treatment is required • Identifying triggers which cause symptoms will help in minimizing discomfort • For highly symptomatic patients, topical steroid (rinse or gel) will relieve the pain.

  28. Oral Candidiasis • An opportunistic organism which tends to proliferate with the use of broad-specturm antibiotics, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents and medications that reduce salivary output

  29. Candidiasis

  30. Hairy Tongue

  31. Hairy Tongue A coated tongue does not automatically mean the patient has a yeast infection

  32. Angular Cheilitis

  33. High-arched palate

  34. Steroid Inhalers Can Cause Oral Candidiasis

  35. Treatment • Nystatin Suspension 5mg/5ml • Dispense 280 ml (14 day course) • SIG: 1 tsp QID, hold for 3 mins, spit out, no food, liquid or rinsing for 30 mins

  36. Treatment • Clotrimazole(Mycelex) 10 mg Troche • Dispense 70 troche • Dissolve in mouth 1 troche 5x day • No eating, drinking or rinsing for 30 minutes • If applicable, remove dentures first

  37. Treatment • Fluconazole100mg daily for 14 days • Watch for drug interactions (coumadin, some cholesterol meds) • Angular Cheilitis: • MycologII • Apply to the corner of lips BID

  38. Erythematous Candidiasis

  39. Remember to Treat the Denture! • Patient should be encouraged to remove denture when sleeping • Place an antifungal cream (eg clotrimazole) inside the denture QD for 30 days.

  40. Persistent Candidiasis • Can be caused by a variety of etiologies: • Need blood work to rule out anemia: • CBC with differential: low iron in a man or post-menopausal F, need to ask why • B12: low B12 is pernicious anemia which increases with age

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