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AP Biology

AP Biology. Lab Review. Big Idea 1: Evolution. Lab 1: Artificial Selection. Concepts : Natural selection = differential reproduction in a population Populations change over time  evolution Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection. Lab 1: Artificial Selection. Description :

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Lab Review

  2. Big Idea 1: Evolution

  3. Lab 1: Artificial Selection • Concepts: • Natural selection = differential reproduction in a population • Populations change over time  evolution • Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection

  4. Lab 1: Artificial Selection • Description: • Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform artificial selection • Identify traits and variations in traits • Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait • Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1)

  5. Sample Histogram of a Population

  6. Lab 1: Artificial Selection Analysis & Results: • Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range • Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P and F1) actually different? • Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. non-hairy) different? • Are the means statistically different? • A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of data are statistically different from each other

  7. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg • Concepts: • Evolution = change in frequency of alleles in a population from generation to generation • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium • Allele Frequencies (p + q = 1) • Genotypic Frequencies (p2+2pq+q2 = 1) • Conditions: • large population • random mating • no mutations • no natural selection • no migration

  8. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg • Description: • Generate mathematical models and computer simulations to see how a hypothetical gene pool changes from one generation to the next • Use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet • p = frequency of A allele • q = frequency of B allele

  9. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg

  10. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg Setting up Excel spreadsheet

  11. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg Sample Results

  12. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg Analysis & Results: • Null model: in the absence of random events that affect populations, allele frequencies (p,q) should be the same from generation to generation (H-W equilibrium) • Analyze genetic drift and the effect of selection on a given population • Manipulate parameters in model: • Population size, selection (fitness), mutation, migration, genetic drift

  13. Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:Hardy-Weinberg • Real-life applications: • Cystic fibrosis, polydactyly • Heterozygote advantage (Sickle-Cell Anemia)

  14. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships • Concepts: • Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math modeling, computer science to analyze biological data • Genomes can be compared to detect genetic similarities and differences • BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool • Input gene sequence of interest • Search genomic libraries for identical or similar sequences

  15. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships • Description: • Use BLAST to compare several genes • Use information to construct a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) • Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary relatedness of species

  16. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships

  17. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships • Use this data to construct a cladogram of the major plant groups

  18. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships • Fossil specimen in China • DNA was extracted from preserved tissue • Sequences from 4 genes were analyzed using BLAST

  19. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships

  20. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships • Analysis & Results: • BLAST results: the higher the score, the closer the alignment • The more similar the genes, the more recent their common ancestor  located closer on the cladogram

  21. Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships

  22. Big Idea 2: cellular processes: energy and communication

  23. Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis • Concepts: • Selectively permeable membrane • Diffusion (high  low concentration) • Osmosis (aquaporins) • Water potential () •  = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S) • Solutions: • Hypertonic • hypotonic • isotonic

  24. Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis

  25. Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis • Description: • Surface area and cell size vs. rate of diffusion • Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt, glucose, protein) • Identify concentrations of sucrose solution and solute concentration of potato cores • Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of salt water)

  26. Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis

  27. Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of Sucrose

  28. Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis • Conclusions • Water moves from high water potential ( ) (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential () (hypertonic=high solute) • Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement across selectively permeable membrane

  29. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Concepts: • Photosynthesis • 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis: • Production of oxygen (O2) • Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

  30. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Description: • Paper chromatography to identify pigments • Floating disk technique • Leaf disks float in water • Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using syringe  leaf sinks • Photosynthesis  O2 produced  bubbles form on leaf  leaf disk rises • Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production • Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors of leaves, pH of solutions

  31. Plant Pigments & Chromatography

  32. Floating Disk Technique

  33. Lab 5: Photosynthesis • Concepts: • photosynthesis • Photosystems II, I • H2O split, ATP, NADPH • chlorophylls & other plant pigments • chlorophyll a • chlorophyll b • xanthophylls • carotenoids • experimental design • control vs. experimental

  34. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration • Concepts: • Respiration • Measure rate of respiration by: • O2 consumption • CO2 production

  35. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration • Description: • Use respirometer • Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption) in various seeds • Factors tested: • Non-germinating seeds • Germinating seeds • Effect of temperature • Surface area of seeds • Types of seeds • Plants vs. animals

  36. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration

  37. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration

  38. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration • Conclusions: • temp = respiration • germination = respiration • Animal respiration > plant respiration •  surface area =  respiration Calculate Rate

  39. Lab 6: Cellular Respiration

  40. Any Questions??

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