Chapter 9.3

1. Chapter 9.3 The Growth of European Empires

2. The Growth of European Kingdoms E N G L A N D 5th century: Angles and Saxons invaded the island Late 800s: King Alfred the Great united various kingdoms England ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings

3. The Growth of European Kingdoms Normandy: area of what today is NW France

4. The Growth of European Kingdoms October, 1066: William of Normandy invaded Britain Portrait of William the Conqueror -aka: William I William defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings William became the king of England His kingdom included western France, southern 2/3’s Britain, and eastern ½ of Ireland

5. The Growth of European Kingdoms Norman knights received fiefs from William I -all knights swore an oath of loyalty directly to William I -this allowed William I to be the overlord of ALL fiefs in his kingdom The mixing of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans created a new English culture Normans took over the existing Anglo-Saxon political posts

6. The Growth of European Kingdoms Norman horseman at the Battle of Hastings

8. The Growth of European Kingdoms William’s elite cavalry

9. The Growth of European Kingdoms The Battle of Hastings by Frank W Wilkin, restored to glory.English Heritage / Conservation Department

10. The Growth of European Kingdoms A reconstruction drawing of the first stage of the Battle of Hastings.English Heritage / drawing by Peter Dunn

11. The Growth of European Kingdoms Picture by Tom Lovelle-The Battle of Hastings

13. The Growth of European Kingdoms Domesday Book: William’s census of England -completed in 1086 -Europe’s first census since Roman times -William used the census to help develop his system of taxation and royal courts

14. The Growth of European Kingdoms Henry II: English ruler from 1154 to 1189 -expanded the power of the monarchy -expanded power of royal courts (criminal and property cases)

15. The Growth of European Kingdoms Common Law: a uniform system of law based on court decisions and on customs and usage -replaced law codes which varied from place to place within the English kingdom VERSUS Henry II claimed he had the right to try and punish clergymen in the royal courts

16. The Growth of European Kingdoms Thomas á Becket: archbishop of Canterbury -highest ranking official in England Claimed that only church courts could try clerics Henry II publicly expressed his desire to be rid of Becket

17. The Growth of European Kingdoms -four knights murdered Becket at the Cathedral of Canterbury There was much public outrage, and Henry was forced to back down against the Church The Church later named Becket a saint murdered in 1170, canonized 1173

18. The Growth of European Kingdoms King John: became king of England in 1199 -nobles had become outraged at the ongoing growth of the king’s power -John began losing popularity as he argued with the pope about who should become new archbishop of Canterbury -pope placed England under excommunication -John also lost a series of military conflicts

19. The Growth of European Kingdoms 1215: nobles rebelled at Runnymeade -they forced John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

20. The Growth of European Kingdoms The Magna Carta was a feudal contract, only in writing Strengthened the idea that a monarch’s power was not absolute and that there were ‘mutual obligations’

21. The Growth of European Kingdoms Edward I: ruled from 1272 to 1307 Rhuddlan Castle --In the town, Denbighshire, northeast Wales, one of Edward’s first castles

22. The Growth of European Kingdoms Beaumaris Castle

23. The Growth of European Kingdoms Edward’s last castle

24. The Growth of European Kingdoms

25. The Growth of European Kingdoms Edward I known as a great military leader, very good at castles and sieges -during his reign, the English Parliament emerged -a form of representative government -two knights from each county, two people from every town, and all nobles and bishops

26. The Growth of European Kingdoms -this assembly eventually developed into two separate houses: 1. House of Lords—nobles and church lords 2. House of Commons—knights and townspeople

28. The Growth of European Kingdoms • Why do historians consider 1066 a turning point in history? This was the date of William of Normandy’s victory at Hastings. This was the beginning of a reorganization of English government

29. The Growth of European Kingdoms T h e F r e n c h K i n g d o m After the death of Charlemagne, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three major sections -Louis V (Louis the Do Nothing) -the last Carolingian king -died in 987

30. The Growth of European Kingdoms Hugh Capet: chosen by French nobles as the new king -began the Capetian Dynasty of French kings -Capetians had very little ‘real’ power -they only controlled a small area of land around Paris )—Ile de France -the Capetians were the ‘formal overlords’ of the other French lords -but in reality, many other French dukes (lesser lords) were more powerful

31. The Growth of European Kingdoms King Philip II Augustus: king of France 1180 to 1223 Waged war against the English possessions of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine

32. The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip II Augustus gained control of most of these territories for France -he expanded the power of the French monarchy and income as well as territory

33. The Growth of European Kingdoms Louis IX: king of France from 1214 to 1270 -the Church named him a saint in 1297 -became king at age 12 -Louis IX worked at unifying all French lands and was an effective diplomat (peacefully resolved territorial disputes with neighbors)

34. The Growth of European Kingdoms Louis IX protected vassals from oppression and forced lords to fulfill their obligations -he largely eliminated feuds between French nobles -he encouraged ‘written law’ so all knew what was expected -he reformed taxation, and the court system The crowning of Saint Louis -virtually eliminated trial by combat and replaced it with court trials -he founded a hospital named Quinze-Vingts to care for the sick, poor, and blind

35. The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip IV (Philip the Fair): French king from 1285 to 1314 -light hair and good looks

36. The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip IV expanded the French bureaucracy -expelled Jews from France after taking all of their possessions -removed one eye and threatened to remove the other if they didn’t give up their claims French government most efficient in Europe under his rule 1302: Philip IV calls for a meeting of the Estates-General to swear allegiance to their king

37. The Growth of European Kingdoms Three classes of the Estates-General: 1. First Estate: clergy 2. Second Estate: nobles 3. Third Estate: townspeople and peasants French Parliament, although very limited in power

38. The Growth of European Kingdoms • Why was the reign of King Philip II Augustus important to the growth of the French monarchy? He waged war against England and gained control of the French territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine This increased income and power for the French monarchy

39. The Growth of European Kingdoms H O L Y R O M A N E M P I R E 10th century: Saxon dukes become kings of Eastern Frankish Kingdom -this area will become known as Germany

40. The Growth of European Kingdoms Otto I: crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 -Otto agreed to protect the pope and his lands around Rome -new German leaders attempted to rule both Germany and Italy

41. The Growth of European Kingdoms -the purple is Otto’s Empire -although he didn’t control the Italian peninsula, he protected Rome from the Byzantine’s (orange) as well as the Muslims (green)

42. The Growth of European Kingdoms Frederick I: Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 In 1154, Frederick helped the pope who was under revolt Pope rewarded him by crowning him Holy Roman Emperor in 1155 Frederick considered Italy to be the center of a great ‘holy empire’ Frederick ends up going against pope and tries to conquer northern Italy 1176: Lombards and other northern Italian states unite with pope to defeat Frederick’s army and drive him back north across the Alps Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle

43. The Growth of European Kingdoms Frederick II: Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250 -also from Hohenstausen family -he also wanted to establish a unified Italian and Germanic kingdom -tried to centralize Italian states, but they resisted and wanted to maintain their autonomies -pope was able to unify with northern Italian states and defeat Frederick II’s army as well Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right)—from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

44. As these Hohenstausen kings focused on trying to unite Italy, Germany became controlled by strong local lords who established their own independent kingdoms -these nobles began to ignore the emperor, which weakened the German monarchy -the Holy Roman Emperor lost power -as a result, both Germany and Italy maintain highly powerful and independent states

45. The Growth of European Kingdoms • What is the origin of the term Holy Roman Empire? German kings received the title of Roman Emperor from the pope, but they considered Italy as the center of a “holy empire,” hence the name

46. The Growth of European Kingdoms C e n t r a l a n d E a s t e r n E u r o p e Slavs: central European group which split into 3 main factions Belarussians Croatians Poles Serbs Wends Yugoslavs Bosnians Slovenes Czechs Macedonians Russians RusynsSlovaks Ukrainians

47. 1. Western Slavs: -Czechs in Poland and Bohemia -accepted Roman Catholicism -Hungarians (non-Slavic) also accepted Catholicism

48. 2. Eastern Slavs: -settled in Belorussia, Ukraine, Russia -accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity -were converted by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius around 863 -their culture focused on Byzantium rather than Rome

49. 3. Southern Slavs: -Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians -Croats accepted Catholicism (Rome) -Serbs and Bulgarians became Orthodox (Byzantium) -separated these cultures

50. The Growth of European Kingdoms • From where did the Slavic peoples originate? From central Europe