Bell Ringer 9/3/2012

1. Bell Ringer 9/3/2012 Include questions AND answers on your new bell ringer! What is the independent variable? Dependent variable?

2. Bell Ringer 9/3/2012 • What is the difference between developed and non-developed countries? • Developed vs. developing: Higher GNP, more industrialization

3. Globalization –we are living in an increasingly integrated world • Economic indicators • Global economy grew • International trade grew • Corporation operating in multiple countries grew • Information and Communication • 1 in every 11 people in the world have Internet access • Environmental Effects • Number of diseases transmitted across international • borders has increased • Pollution transported globally

4. Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Natural Services • Natural resources – materials or energy in nature that are useful (sometimes essential) to humans. • Natural services – functions of, or processes in nature which support life and human economies • Solar capital – energy from the sun

5. Resources Resource– anything obtained from the environment that fulfills a need or want Directly available for use (sun, air, water, wind) Not directly available for use (iron, coal, crops)

6. Resources Perpetual– on a human time scale are continuous solar energy Renewable – can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades) forests, grasslands, fresh air, fertile soil Nonrenewable – in a fixed supply or not replenished on a human time scale fossil fuels, iron, copper, salt

8. Recycling and reusing extends supply of nonrenewable resources. Recyclingprocesses waste material into new material. Reuseis using a resource over again in the same form. Some Sources Are Renewable…Some Resources Are Not Renewable • Sustainable yield – the highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply • Environmental degradation –when resource supply shrinks as a result of overuse

9. Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons Three types of property or resource rights: Private property – owned by a person Common property – owned by a group Open access renewable resources – owned by no one, available to all, no charge Tragedy of the Commons – common property/ open access resources will be exploited Solutions – laws or policy reducing resource access or use OR convert the resource to private ownership

10. Imagine a field of grass shared by 6 farmers, each with one cow…

11. A few facts: Each cow currently produces 20 liters of milk per day The carrying capacity of the commons is 8 cows. For each cow above 8, the milk production declines by 2 liters (due to overgrazing, there is less grass for each cow: less grass, less milk!). 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters

12. Do the farmers sit back and stay at 6 cows? Not if they are individual profit maximizers (here simplified as milk production maximizers) 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters (6 cows)

13. Do the farmers sit back and stay at 6 cows? Not if they are individual profit maximizers (here simplified as milk production maximizers) “I’ll get another cow” 40 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 140 liters (7 cows)

14. We are now at the carrying capacity -- do they stop? No. “Then I’ll get another cow too” 40 liters 40 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 160 liters (8 cows)

15. They are now at the maximum total milk production. But do they stop? No… 36 liters 36 liters “I’ll get another cow” 18 liters 36 liters 18 liters 18 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 162 liters (9 cows)

16. 32 liters 32 liters 16 liters 32 liters 16 liters “My cow is now less productive, but 2 will improve my situation” 32 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 160 liters (10 cows)

17. 28 liters 28 liters 14 liters 28 liters “I’ll get another cow” 28 liters 28 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 154 liters (11 cows)

18. “Well, everyone else is getting one, so me too!” 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 144 liters (12 cows)

19. “Well, I can still increase milk production if I get a third cow” 30 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 130 liters (10 cows)

20. Ecological Footprints - • the amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country

21. Ecological Footprints

22. Earth’s Ecological Capacity Number of Earths Humanity's Ecological Footprint Year

23. What’s YOUR ecological footprint?

24. Pollution Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms

25. Pollution • Where do pollutants come from? • Point Sources – single identifiable sources • Smokestack • Drainpipe • Exhaust pipe • Nonpoint sources – dispersed sources • Runoff from fields • Pesticides sprayed in the air

26. Pollution What are the effects of pollutants? Disruption of life-support systems for humans and other species. Damage to wildlife, human health, and property. Nuisances such as noise, and unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights.

27. Dealing With Pollution • Prevention (Input Control) • Replace • Reduce • Reuse • Recycle • Cleanup (Output Control) • Temporary • Shifts problem somewhere else • Costly

28. Environmental and Resource Problems Major Problems(See Fig. 1-9 p. 12) Air Pollution Water Pollution Biodiversity Depletion Food Supply Waste Production

29. Biodiversity Depletion • Habitat destruction • Habitat degradation • Extinction • Air Pollution • Global climate change • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Urban air pollution • Acid deposition • Outdoor pollutants • Indoor pollutants • Noise • Food Supply Problems • Overgrazing • Farmland loss • and degradation • Wetlands loss • and degradation • Overfishing • Coastal pollution • Soil erosion • Soil salinization • Soil waterlogging • Water shortages • Groundwater depletion • Loss of biodiversity • Poor nutrition Major Environmental Problems • Water Pollution • Sediment • Nutrient overload • Toxic chemicals • Infectious agents • Oxygen depletion • Pesticides • Oil spills • Excess heat • Waste Production • Solid waste • Hazardous waste

30. Experts Have Identified Five Basic Causes of Environmental Problems Population growth Wasteful and unsustainable resource use Poverty Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in their market prices Insufficient knowledge of how nature works

31. Resource Consumption and Environmental Problems ADD TO NOTES (back of sheet) BOTH poverty and wealth can lead to environmental degradation: Underconsumption People who live in poverty are concerned with survival, not the environmental implications of their actions. Overconsumption Affluenza: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism.

32. Environmental Impact Fig. 1-11 p. 13

33. Connections between Environmental Problems and Their Causes • I = PAT • I = P x A x T • I = Environmental Impact • P = Population • A = Affluence (per capita consumption) • T = Technology

35. Environmental Interactions Fig. 1-12 p. 14

36. Environmental Worldviews Planetary Management We are in charge of nature. There is always more. All economic growth is good. Our success depends on how well we can understand, control, and manage the earth’s life support systems.

37. Environmental Worldviews Environmental Wisdom Nature does not exist just for us and we only think we are in charge. There is not always more. Some forms of technology are environmentally beneficial, some are harmful. Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating these lessons into how we think and act.

38. SUSTAINABILITY ANDENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS Technological optimists: suggest that human ingenuity will keep the environment sustainable. Environmental pessimists: overstate the problems where our environmental situation seems hopeless.

39. How Would You Vote? Is the society you live in on an unsustainable path? a. Yes: Without readily available green products and services, converting to a sustainable society is unrealistic. b. Not entirely: I'm doing what I can to improve sustainability, including recycling and using less energy.

40. Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability: Copy Nature Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling Figure 1-16

41. Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling Fig. 1-16, p. 24

42. Environmentally-Sustainable Economic Development Social Economic Social Economic Sustainable Solutions Environmental Environmental Decision making in a sustainable society Traditional decision making Fig. 1-13 p. 17

43. Current Emphasis Pollution cleanup Waste disposal (bury or burn) Protecting species Environmental degradation Increased resource use Population growth Depleting and degrading natural capital Sustainability Emphasis Pollution prevention (cleaner production) Waste prevention and reduction Protecting where species live (habitat protection) Environmental restoration Less wasteful (more efficient) resource use Population stabilization by decreasing birth rates Protecting natural capital and living off the biological interest it provides