The Internationalization of Higher Education

1. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN University of the Philippines

2. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Globalization has demanded from universities the following: • improvement in the quality of education • increases in the quantity of graduates and other outputs • efficiency in the way universities are managed • graduates with a global outlook

3. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Higher Education FROMnationalization • curricular programs more responsive to national needs • use of teaching materials that have local or national flavor • use of national language • focus teaching on promoting nationalist ideals (inward looking)

4. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Higher Education FROMnationalization TOinternationalization • international higher education’s role in augmenting national capacity with focus on a country’s development as it relates with other countries (outward looking)

5. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN • International Strategies • cross-border education • internationalizing curriculum

6. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Cross-Border Education Reasons/Drivers of Cross-Border Education • Increasing demand for quality higher education • Inadequate opportunities for higher education in the home country • Increasing support and initiatives for studies abroad • national governments • foreign governments • international providers • private sector • Increasing interest in international, regional, country studies programs

7. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Cross-Border Education Forms of Cross-Border Education • student mobility • program or institution mobility • professor mobility

8. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org Student Mobility • Students cross borders to receive foreign education. • Trends*: • Bright students from developing countries cross over to study in the world’s best universities. SOURCE: OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services

9. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org Student Mobility • Trends*: • 2. China and India are biggest exporters of students. SOURCE: OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services

10. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://www.daelnet.co.uk/images/news/buckingham_palace.jpg http://www.lucky-13.com/orig/Mingo96/cap.gif http://www.dailysoft.com/east-berlin/info.htm http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/t/images/theatr_sydney.opera.lg.jpg http://www.cruisereviews.com/ren/R-7%20Dover%20to%20Stockholm%20Pictures/Eiffel_Tower.jpg Student Mobility • Trends*: • 3. US, Great Britain, France, Germany and Australia are favorite destinations. SOURCE: OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services

11. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org Student Mobility • Trends*: • 4. In Asia, Japan is most popular destination. SOURCE: OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services

12. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Student Mobility • Trends*: • 5. Choice of country and university influenced by: - perceived quality and reputation of university/education system - geography - historical connections to particular countries - language - affordability - accessibility - possibility of subsequent migration SOURCE: OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services

13. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Program/Institution Mobility • Program or institution crosses borders. • Types*: • Franchising agreement • Twinning arrangement • Distance learning/online education • Branch campuses SOURCE: Simon Marginson and Grant McBurnie, “Cross-border Post-Secondary Education in the Asia Pacific Region”

14. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Professor Mobility • Professors cross borders. • - usually part of academic exchange programs • - professors handle courses with international dimensions

15. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Internationalizing the Curriculum • Offering courses with international dimension - International relations - International business - International finance - Chinese studies - Japan studies - European studies - Asian studies

16. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://www.freewebs.com/markysan/FLAT%20STANLEY/46-Filipino_Flag_animated.gif http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200705/r144412_503353.jpg The Case of the University of the Philippines Constraints of a State/Public University • Preference is the Filipino students. • Hiring policy prioritize Filipino nationals. .

17. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN The Case of the University of the Philippines No. of international students in 2007-2008 No. of international faculty last 3 years No. of international conferences organized in last 3 years No. of faculty sent abroad to read papers in international conferences funded by UP in the last 3 years No. of academic cooperation agreements UP is member of several international networks : 1000 : 341 : 260 : 1709 : 200

18. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Internationalization of Higher Education Who benefits?

19. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://www.oecd.org/vgn/images/portal/cit_731/0/54/39748906GlobalForum_50_150dpi.jpg http://www.globalvillageproduct.com/i/chapter/Du_American-Higher-Education_Vol2.jpg Gains from Internationalization of Higher Education • Capacity building • Mutual understanding • Global citizenship

20. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://theguiridispatches.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/brain_drain.jpg http://ebaystrategies.blogs.com/ebay_strategies/images/2007/06/01/brain_drain.jpg Problems with Internationalization • Brain drain • - attraction of higher paying jobs, better working conditions and comfortable lifestyles in developed countries have discouraged students from returning home • - some developed countries are unable to produce their own human resource requirements and compete for foreign professionals • - some developing countries are unable to recoup their investment in their scholars.

21. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Problems with Internationalization • International education responds more to market forces than to requisites for nation-building • - Skeptics argue that the ascendance of a market ideology has weakened the concept of country and of nationalism • Migration from public sector to private sector • - BUT, a booming private sector can augment national development efforts.

22. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN http://www.memeticor.com/memwear/small/knowledge_worker.jpg In the knowledge-based economy, knowledge workers and professionals are the most sought after and the most important competitive advantage that a country can have.

23. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Challenge is for countries to translate this competitive advantage into opportunities that will benefit the country. Philippines – “Balik Scientist” Program India – Technoparks have attracted their engineers and scientists back home Taiwan – overseas Chinese invest in Taiwan, some come home to become successful entrepreneurs

24. The Internationalization of Higher Education EMERLINDA R. ROMAN Brain Drain Brain Gain Challenge is to convert brain drain into “ brain circulation” so that there is “net brain gain” to the country.

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