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Human-agent relationships II

Human-agent relationships II. Alex Cepoi. Papers. “What Would Jiminy Cricket Do? Lessons From the First Social Wearable” , Timothy Bickmore “ Persuasion, Task Interruption and Health Regimen Adherence” , Timothy Bickmore , Daniel Mauer , Francisco Crespo and Thomas Brown. Importance.

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Human-agent relationships II

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  1. Human-agent relationships II Alex Cepoi

  2. Papers • “What Would Jiminy Cricket Do? Lessons From the First Social Wearable”, Timothy Bickmore • “Persuasion, Task Interruption and Health Regimen Adherence”, Timothy Bickmore, Daniel Mauer, Francisco Crespoand Thomas Brown

  3. Importance • Want to develop a “wearable conscience” • sense user’s environment • persuade him to make healthy decisions • How and when to interrupt? • modality of interruption • persuasive yet not annoying or intrusive

  4. Problems addressed • unhealthy dietary habits (leading cause of death in the US) • adherence to prescribed medication (only 50% in the US) • little to no physical exercise • taking breaks during work • … and a lot more (scriptable) Solution: personal reminder system

  5. Prototype 1: Jiminy Cricket • Name: Jiminy Cricket • Role: Personal Conscience • Target: Pinocchio • Appointed by: Blue Fairy • Duty: Offer advice on long-term consequences of Pinocchio’s actions

  6. Prototype 1: Problems • first meeting => • unwanted advice => • smashed and killed with a hammer by Pinocchio • … comes back as a ghost to counsel Pinocchio

  7. Prototype 1: Lessons Learnt Requirements: • Social and Relational Competency • establish and maintain relationship (use natural language) • speak persuasively • don’t be annoying/intrusive (i.e. don’t get smashed by a hammer) • use social dialog for building trust • convey empathy • Adeptness at Interruption • maximize long-term compliance • Portability • Sensing Ability • sense when the user is at a point of decision making • Persistence • memory of past interactions with users

  8. Prototype 2: PDA • Experiences everything you do • accelerometer • GPS • microphone • smoke detectors • Suggests the “right” thing to do => healthier lifestyle, i.e. • healthy over unhealthy foods • taking the stairs rather then the lift • avoid situations where you would smoke/drink to much

  9. Study 1: Modality Study 4 variants: • TEXT: standard text interface • IMAGE: + static image • ANIM: + animated image • FULL: + animated image + recorded speech Results: (12 subjects) • ANIM and FULL – better social bonding • FULL was discarded for privacy reasons

  10. Study 2: Task Interruption (Setting) • Primary activity: answer questions • Secondary (healthy) activity: wrist rests • 29 subjects were told that they should • answer as many questions as possible • talk to their PDAs, when it beeps • The PDA always ends every conversation with: “Please rest your wrists for as long as you can.” • Internal dilemma: answer more questions (performance) vs. rest wrists longer (healthy)

  11. Study 2.1: Politeness and Compliance • 4 alert sounds for interrupting: • AUDIO1 – very polite (subtle “ping”) • AUDIO2 – less polite • AUDIO3 – quite impolite • AUDIO4 – very impolite (loud klaxon) • Results: • desire to continue using the advisor varies directly with politeness • subjects rested longer for less polite sounds but only at first • with continued use, the most annoying sounds result in the shortest rest time • there is a tradeoff between short-term compliance and long-term adherence

  12. Study 2.1: Politeness and Compliance

  13. Study 2.2: Interruption Negotiation Sorry to interrupt, … • 16 subjects, 4 options: • NEGOTIATED – a.k.a. “snooze” • FOREWARN – warning before interruption • SOCIAL – apologize for interrupting • BASELINE – AUDIO3 • Results: • SOCIAL outperformed all other options with respect to politeness, effectiveness, and desire to continue using • NEGOTIATED was considered the least effective, although rest time was second only to SOCIAL • FOREWARN was considered the least polite

  14. Other studies: • compliance rate is high when user is idle • compliance rate is higher when robot is serious, rather than “playful” • even ignored interruptions can negatively affect performance • negotiation systems yield better results than authoritative ones • knowing a user’s schedule helps in increasing acceptance, e.g. “If you take your medicine now, I won’t have to interrupt you during your favorite TV show later” • as familiarity grows, users are more accepting of less polite forms of interruption

  15. Conclusions • must find a tradeoff between short-term compliance and long-term adherence (politeness is a variable) • empathy is the easiest way to be imply politeness, but one should combine the other options also • building trust is crucial to continued use • study puts subjects in an relaxed (non-stressful) environment, what happens under stress? (SILENCE option is mandatory) • what would happen in continued use? (drawing conclusions from more than 2 resting times)

  16. Questions? Thank You!

  17. I don’t know…

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