Grammar Log #3

1. Grammar Log #3 Cornell Notes Out!

2. Today’s Agenda • Infinitive verbs • Transitive verbs • Intransitive verbs • Copular verbs • Prepositional Phrases • Adverbial Prepositional Phrases • Adjectival Prepositional Phrases • Appositive Phrases • Active and Passive Voice

3. Infinitive Verbs • Infinitive verbs use the word “to” before them. • Example: “to go” “to shop” • It’s hard to study on a Saturday night. • Usually, the word “to” is a preposition meaning “toward” • I’m going to the store.

4. Transitive Verbs • Transitive Verbs are followed by at least one “Free Noun Phrase” • This “Free NP” is affected by the verb itself. It is the “Direct Object” of the sentence. • It may be a reflexive pronoun ending in “-self”…himself, herself, ourselves…NEVER “hisself”!!!

5. Intransitive Verbs • Intransitive Verbs-are NOT followed by free NPs in the predicate phrase • A subject whose verb is intransitive indicates that a subject NP is doing something that directly affects only itself: • Horatio slept. • Horatio slept restlessly on the sofa for a long time.

6. Copular Verbs • Copular Verbs-assign a subject to a class. Usually, it’s easy to see because it uses “be” form verbs. Subject Copular Verb Classification Horatio is a baker. John is a mortician. They are Wiccans.

7. Copular Verbs • In order to see the verb as copular, you must see if it classifies something. • Example: The tomatoesgrewripe in the sunshine. nounverbadjective Notice the adjective “ripe” after the verb “grew”…it describes tomatoes…if you see this…you have a classification of what type of tomatoes.

8. Prepositional Phrases • What is a preposition? • Prepositions show place in space (spatial) and in time (temporal). • The squirrel ran UP the tree. • Ere, the night goes slowly. • I will not rest until we meet again.

9. Prepositional Phrases • Common prepositions that START prepositional phrases: Aboard, between about, betwixt, of, off, above, beyond, below, against, by virtue of, by way of, by means of, in opposition to, inside, into, via, to, past, out of, on behalf of, with, barring, beneath, apart from, aslant, in spite of, like, onto, considering, concerning, for the sake of, despite, athwart, and many, many more!

10. Prepositional Phrases • Prepositional Phrases include: 1 preposition + 1 noun phrase (P) (NP) Over the river Through the woods To Grandmother’s house

11. Prepositional Phrases • Let’s use a Prepositional Phrase Tree PPPP P NPP NP D ND N Over the riverto Grandmother’s house

12. Adverbial Prepositional Phrases • If the prepositional phrase modifies the verb…it’s an adverbialprepositional phrase. • Example: • We live in a housing project. • “in a housing project” modifies where they “live”…so, it is acting like an adverb.

13. Adverbial Prepositional Phrases • My kid is lying on the rug half asleep. • She was quiet for a long time. • In a moment someone will get up and turn on the lights. • She stood up from the window and came over to me.

14. Adverbial Prepositional Phrases • My kid islyingon the rug half asleep. How is she lying? • She was quiet for a long time. • In a moment, someone will get up and turnon the lights. “the lights” is a “free NP”…so, “on” is not a preposition…it’s a “verb particle” When will someone get up? Remember prepositions also indicate time! • She stood upfrom the window and cameover to me. Where?

15. Adjectival Prepositional Phrases • They are prepositional phrases not necessarily adjectives. • They “act” like adjectives that modify the NOUN • The barn swallow on the porch flew straight into Grandma’s hair. • “on the porch” describes “where” the barn swallow’s position. • “into Grandma’s hair” is adverbial. That shows “how”

16. Adjectival Prepositional Phrases • We went to the only nightclub on a short, dark street near downtown. • Where’s the adjectival prepositional phrase?

17. Adjectival Prepositional Phrases • We went to the only nightclub on a short, dark streetnear downtown. • “On a short, dark street” describes “where” the noun “nightclub” is located. • “near downtown” describes where the “street” in the first prepositional phrase is located.

18. Appositive Phrases • It’s “a” “positive” identification! • It’s a noun phrase that renames the noun phrase before it. • Example: • Ms. Richards, my English teacher, is a crazy lady. • “Ms. Richards” is your “English teacher”

19. Appositive Phrases This is what the phrase structure tree looks like: S NP PredP NP NP VP NP N D A N V D A N Ms. Richards my English teacher is a crazy lady.

20. Appositive Phrases • Two types of appositive phrases: • Restrictive-is NOT set off by commas (,) The band Cypress Hill has been around forever! • Non-restrictive-DOES have commas: • Ramen Noodles, my Miniature Rottoodle, is insane.

21. Active and Passive Voice • Active voice “shows” the reader. • Passive voice “tells” the reader.

22. Active Voice • The chicken crossed the road. • S NP PredP. D N VP NP V D N The chicken crossed the road. Subject action object

23. Passive Voice • The road was crossed by the chicken. • S NP PredP. VP PP D N aux. v P NP D N The road was crossed by the chicken.