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NSF Innovation and Discovery Workshop, 2006

NSF Innovation and Discovery Workshop, 2006. Empirical Studies of Collaborative and Analogical Product Design: Implications on Innovation and Discovery. Kristin L. Wood Cullen Trust Endowed Professor in Engineering & University Distinguished Teaching Professor

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NSF Innovation and Discovery Workshop, 2006

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  1. NSF Innovation and Discovery Workshop, 2006 Empirical Studies of Collaborative and Analogical Product Design: Implications on Innovation and Discovery Kristin L. Wood Cullen Trust Endowed Professor in Engineering & University Distinguished Teaching Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas

  2. Presentation Roadmap • Acknowledgements: • NSF Grant: DMI-00631350 • “Fundamental Studies of Generating Concepts Through Design-by-Analogy” • Co-PI: Professor Art Markman • GRA’s: Julie Linsey and Jeremy Murphy • Prelude/Overture • MaDLab and LFF Innovations • MaDLab Design Methods • Parallel Research Objectives • Tenor • Collaborative Design Study • Problem Representation in Design by Analogy • Analogical Applications • Abstractions to Design Principles • Finale • Implications, Questions, Golden Nuggets, and Potential Pitfalls

  3. MaDLab and LFF Innovations • >15 Patents: • >200 Products with >60 Companies: • Fifteen International Design Competition Awards

  4. MaDLab Design Methods Transformer Design Principles: Fuse / Divide Make single functional device become two or more devices, at least one of which has its own distinct functionality or vice versa 1. Product 2. Natural Analogy 3. Patent http://211.78.161.52/gdpageimg/42251-1.jpg This audio player which functions when the USB flash drive, also used as a memory stick, connects to a power source module making the audio player portable http://www.dandelion.org/ant/image/burhcelli%20bridge%20%5B215%5D.jpg Army ants join their bodies to form a bridge for the rest of the colony US 4,856,775 The base of the exercise machine in this patent divides into two supporting structures for a different exercise arrangement

  5. MaDLab Design Methods UAV “Compact Storage” Mind Map: Wings in container Roll wing around fuselage “Bird wing” Wings in fuselage Disassemble 1 wing inside another Roll up wing Fold/ Stack Fuselage = container Wrap/ Fold Cover/ Expose Slap bracelet Telescoping Plane = Tools Segment Store / Fly Whole plane in container Expand/ Collapse Wing inside other Body Armor Nest Interchange Wings Fusion/ Division Wings inside fuselage Disassemble plane Flexible Material Skeleton MAV in 2 halves Shape Memory Alloy Wing or body compose other part Wing/ fuselage compose other devices Crumple Inflate

  6. MaDLab Design Methods

  7. Research Objectives • To understand how key parameters of Idea Generation Techniques affect design outcomes… • To explore the effects of representation on analogy use for real-world engineering design and product development problems…

  8. Idea Generation Techniques • Over one hundred formal idea generation techniques • Well-known Brainstorming – Osborn • Engineering specific method: Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) Adams, J. L., 1986, Conceptual Blockbusting, Perseus Books, Cambridge, ME. VanGundy, A. B., 1988, Techniques of Structured Problem Solving, 2nd edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY Higgins, J. M., 1994, 101 Creative Problem Solving Techniques, The New Management Publishing Company, Winter Park, FL. Osborn, A., 1957, Applied Imagination. Scribner, New York, NY. Altshuller, G. S., 1984, Creativity as an Exact Science, Gordon and Breach Publishers, Luxembourg.

  9. Techniques Empirically Tested with Design Problems • Brainstorming(Lewis, Sadosky, and Connolly, 1975) • Brainwriting, Brainstorming, and others(Gryskiewicz, 1988) • 6-3-5, C-Sketch, Gallery Method(Shah et al., 1998-2001) • Brainsketching, Brainstorming(Van der Lugt, 2002) • Variants of Brainstorming that included sketching, and physical models(Vidal, Mulet, and Gómez-Senent, 2004)

  10. Idea Generation Techniques

  11. Experiment: 2 X 3 Factorial • Factor 1: How ideas are exchanged and displayed • Rotational Viewing • All view simultaneous via gallery style • Factor 2: Forms of Communication • Written words only • Sketches only • A combination of words and sketches

  12. Experimental Conditions and Similar Formal Idea Generation Technique

  13. Experimental Set-Up • Teams of 5 senior ME students • A total of 12 teams • Prescribed form of communication and how ideas are displayed • 1st Time Period: 10 minutes • individuals silently generate ideas • Time Periods 2-5: • ideas are exchanged and 7 minutes are spent generating ideas • Short survey

  14. Peanut Sheller Product Development

  15. Results: Qualitative Person 1 Person 2 = +

  16. Results: Qualitative Person 3 Person 4 Person 5

  17. Results: Quantitative Interaction Word & Sketches Words Only Sketches Only Rotational Viewing Gallery

  18. Results: Quantitative 2 X 2 ANOVA Main Effects Words & Sketches Gallery Rotational Viewing Words Only

  19. Results: Building from Others’ Ideas Building from Others Individual

  20. Survey • A strong dislike of being restricted to either words or sketches only

  21. Analogical Research Questions • What forms of analogical representation are most useful for innovative design? • What are the fundamental and underlying principles that make analogies useful to a designer? • What benefits are there to physical models in design-by-analogy? What types of problems do they highlight? What limitations do they add? • What are the effects of different manipulative media in the idea generation process? Which ones lead to design fixation, and which ones are most beneficial for concept development?

  22. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Device that allows repeatable printing Wine Press Gutenberg Printing Press

  23. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Telegraph capable of sending and receiving multiple messages simultaneously Quadreplex Telegraph Water Distribution System

  24. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Device that provides pseudorandom frequency changes for transmission encryption Player Piano Frequency-hopping Radio Transmission

  25. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Compound lens optical system capable of capturing 360° of vision Insect Compound Eye Compound Micro Lens http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060501/insecteye_tec.html?source=rss

  26. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Passive device which regulates and transmits specific light frequencies. Also analogous to an analog band gap filter Morpho butterfly wings Photonic Crystals http://www.discover.com/issues/aug-05/features/illuminated-life/?page=2

  27. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Device that temporarily secures two materials without adhesives and is reusable Cockle Burr Velcro

  28. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Device that provides linear actuation and integrated compliance Chinese Finger Puzzle Pneumatic Artificial Muscle

  29. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Device that can traverse large distances over rough, uneven terrain utilizing wind power as the source for locomotion Tumbleweed Mars Exploration Robot

  30. Examples of Analogy Problem Description Concept Analogy Portable device that provides both hand-held and hands-free lighting King Cobra B&D Snake Light

  31. Examples of Analogy Concept Problem Description Analogy Device that secures and cuts unwieldy materials such as tree branches Black & Decker Alligator Lopper Alligator Jaws

  32. Examples of Analogy Concept Problem Description Analogy Liquid measuring device with convenient to read measurement scales Historical Patents New Dimension Measuring Cup

  33. Examples of Analogy Concept Problem Description Analogy New sail that includes appropriate flexibility but also rigidity Bat Wing Ship Sails

  34. Bipolar Plate Flow Field Veins Lamina (Blade) www.raymondchow.ca/ gallery/leaf.jpg Biological Analogy from Functional Similarity Analogous Functions: ‘distribute fluid: guide fluid: disperse fluid’

  35. Motivation • Concept generation has a significant impact on product cost and ultimately product success • Relying on design teams experience can lead to exclusion of vast number of feasible concepts • Analogies between concepts or products can be identified by appropriate (functional) representations • Systematic Design by Analogy methodology will enable designers to identify non-obvious solutions leading to innovative designs

  36. Design by Analogy State-of-the-Art • Analogy is a mapping of knowledge from one domain to another supported by abstract representations • Few structured approaches exist to find analogies • One approach uses biomimetic principles to search biology text books (Hacco & Shu, 2002) • Second approach uses functional modeling and comparison of functional similarity to identify analogies (McAdams & Wood, 2000)

  37. Pilot Studies in Representing Analogies

  38. Pilot Study: Example Results

  39. Implications, Golden Nuggets, … • Maximum ideas: rotational viewing w/ words & sketches • (hybrid 6-3-5/C-Sketch method) • Rotational Viewing produces more ideas than Gallery Viewing. • Both individual and group work are important in the idea generation process. • As ideas are added the concept’s overall completeness and quality improves.

  40. Implications, Golden Nuggets, … • Representation matters in design-by-analogy • Derivation of design principles through empirical studies is the abstraction process of analogical representation • Representation studies and further experiments move us toward a Analogical (“Google”) Search Engine…

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