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Kenneth E. Turner, Ph.D.

Kenneth E. Turner, Ph.D. Research Animal Scientist and Lead Scientist USDA Agricultural Research Service Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center Beaver, WV 25813. 100 Research Locations 2100 Scientists 1000 Research Projects 22 National Programs. o. o. USDA

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Kenneth E. Turner, Ph.D.

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  1. Kenneth E. Turner, Ph.D. Research Animal Scientist and Lead Scientist USDA Agricultural Research Service Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center Beaver, WV 25813

  2. 100 Research Locations • 2100 Scientists • 1000 Research Projects • 22 National Programs o o

  3. USDA Agricultural Research Service Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center Beaver, WV http://www.ars.usda.gov/naa/afsrc

  4. Agricultural History

  5. Livestock Nutrition

  6. Beef Cattle (Angus crossbred)

  7. Traditional Sheep (Suffolk crossbred)

  8. Meat Goats (Boer crossbred)

  9. Ruminant Large Intestines Esophagus Caecum Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum Small Intestines

  10. Grazers vs Browsers • Cattle are grazers: 70% herbage 20% forbs and 10% browse • Sheep are intermediate: 60% herbage 30% forbs 10% browse • Goats are browsers: 20 % herbage 20% forbs and 60% browse • Substitute 5 sheep or 6 goats for 1 cow

  11. Goat browsing (top to bottom) Goats browsing black locust trees

  12. Grazers vs. Browsers • Horses are grazers: 90% herbage 4% forbs 6% browse

  13. Grazing Pasture • Manage pasture to supply adequate nutrition. • Goats select plant parts with highest nutritive value. • Maintain pasture/browse area. • Reduce disease and control parasites. • Milk production response to supplementation depends on pasture quality (Langston Univ. study) using wheat, clover, crabgrass, sudangrass, wheat/ryegrass.

  14. Dairy Goats • Dietary Protein Intake 76% used for milk protein production 14% used for milk lactose production 10% used for milk butterfat production • Breed Differences European dairy goats 3.8% BF Nubians higher BF Acetate  Palmitate  Butterfat

  15. Increasing Butterfat • Don’t over feed supplement  never > 50% diet. • Supplement to Forage Ratio approaches 2:1 (too high). • Feed forage, then supplement 3 to 4 times during day vs. supplement 2 times (only at milking time). • Good quality forage; low quality forage reduces BF (feed buffers). • Dried brewer’s grains  acetate  BF. • Breed for high BF and milk production. • A few Nubians in flock add BF to tank.

  16. Milk Protein • Protein in milk ~ 3% • Increasing grain or fat in diet does not increase milk protein. • If diet low in protein, feeding protein (especially rumen escape protein) can increase milk protein.

  17. Milk Urea NitrogenBlood Urea Nitrogen • MUN ~8-16 mg/dl (BUN ~10-14 mg/dl). • MUN < 8-10 mg/dl; protein needed. • MUN > 16 mg/dl; overfeeding protein; energy needed. • BUN > 19-20 mg/dl; overfeeding protein Reproductive failure (decreased conception). • Energy:Protein ratio; TDN:CP ratio

  18. Maintain Pasture with High Nutritive Value • As nutritive value (Energy and CP) of forage declines (especially CP) as plant matures. • Animals become more susceptible to GI parasites: Kids > Yearlings > Older Does Lambs > Yearlings > Older Ewes

  19. Definitions • Forages—edible parts of plants (not grain) that can be grazed or mechanically harvested (herbages, forbs, and browse). • Herbages—(grasses); usually, above-ground biomass of herbaceous (non-woody) plants other than grains; includes roots and tubers. • Forbs—(Legumes, weeds, and herbs); any herbaceous broadleaf plant that is not a grass or not grass-like. • Browse—leaf and twig growth of woody plants, vines, shrubs, brambles, trees, and other non-herbaceous plants.

  20. Cool-season Grasses • KY bluegrass • Orchardgrass • Smooth bromegrass • Tall fescue (not recommended)

  21. Warm-season Grasses • Big bluestem • Switchgrass • Bermudagrass • Indian grass

  22. Legumes • Alfalfa • Birdsfoot trefoil • Red clover • Lespedeza (Perennial and Annual)

  23. Others Annual Grasses • Oats • Winter rye • Winter wheat Forbs • Chicory • Brassicas (turnip, kale, etc).

  24. Table 1. Seasonal average of nutritive value parameters for Autumn Olive (AO), Multiflora Rose (MFR), and Morrow’s Honeysuckle (HS) over the 1999 growing season.

  25. Forages • Low nutritive value forage 40-50% TDN • Good nutritive value forage 55-70% TDN • Concentrate feeds 70-90% TDN

  26. CP in Grasses(General) • Leaves contain more CP than stems. • WSG have more stems than leaves; thus CP may be lower. • Application of nitrogen fertilizer (costs $$$) improves CP content. • Maintaining swards in vegetative stage improves CP content.

  27. CP in Legumes • Legumes have higher CP than grasses • Legumes • Alfalfa • White clover or Red clover • Lespedeza • Birdsfoot trefoil

  28. Condensed Tannins in Ruminants • Reduce bloat in ruminants • Increase “Rumen-escape Protein” • Enhance protein-use efficiency and immune system via rumen escape-protein • Influence nitrogen cycle in the ruminant to reduce nitrogen overloads and methane in the environment. • Act as an anthelmintic (dewormer) to reduce fecal egg counts (FEC) in small ruminants.

  29. BioActive Forages • Lambs grazing Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) had lower FEC and GI nematodes than Ryegrass-White clover. Marley et al. 2003. Vet. Parasitol. 112:147-155. Condensed tannins

  30. Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)

  31. BioActive Forages • Goats grazing Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) had lower FEC after 5 days; FEC rebounded when grazing non-tannin forages. Min et al., 2004. Small Ruminant Res. 51:279-283. Condensed tannins

  32. Sericea Lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don]

  33. BioActive Forages • Lambs grazing Chicory had fewer nematodes than Ryegrass-White Clover Marley et al., 2003. Vet. Parasitol. 112:147-155. Sesquiterpene lactones Condensed tannins

  34. Forage Chicory Flower (Cichorium intybus L.)

  35. Forage Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

  36. Cool-season Forages

  37. Periods of InsufficientCool-Season Herbage(Quantity and Quality)Extending Grazing Season---What do I do??? • Warm-season grasses • Prairie Bromegrass • Use of brassicas in fall (turnips, rape, kale) • Stockpiled forages (requires N fertilizer) • Hay feeding $$$ • Supplemental energy (corn) $$$ or by-product feeds: distillers grains, brewers grains, corn gluten feeds—check high sulfur (excess sulfates/PEM) and Ca:P (1:1 to 2:1) ratio (urolithiasis/urinary calculi)]

  38. Use feed troughs in pastures for supplemental feeds Allow: 12 inches per lamb or kid 15 inches per ewe or doe

  39. WATER • Daily requirements: Animal Gallons Range Dairy Cow 20 (15-25) Beef Cow-calf pair 15 (12-20) Yearling bovine 10 (6-14) Horse 10 (8-14) Sheep or Goat 2 (2-3) • Goats do need water; may not drink a lot.

  40. Water • Public water system • Well • Pond • Spring development • May need to do periodic water tests for quality (NO4-, SO4-, Fe, Ca, Cu, toxins, etc.)

  41. http://www.ars.usda.gov/naa/afsrc

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