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Concept of plant disease

??? ???????. ?????????(Plant Disease)??????????,???8????

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Concept of plant disease

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    1. ??? ??????? (Concept of plant disease)

    2. ??? ??????? ?????????(Plant Disease)? ?????????,???8????«??????»pp.14? ????:A???????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????,?????????????,??????????????,??????(????,1997)

    3. B??????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????,??????????(???,1989)?

    4. ?????????: 1 ??????:(1)??????:?????,???????,?????;(2)????:????????; 2 ?????,?????:???????,????????,??????????????????????,??????????,??????????????(?????????),????????????????????????????????

    5. ????????? ?????????,??????,??????????????: 1 ???????? ?????????????(????,????),????????????????,????:

    6. ????????? (???????,???????) ? ??????????,????,???????? (????) ? ????????? (????) ? ????????? (????)

    7. ??:?????,?????; ??????,????????(???????,??????PR??),????????????(????)??????????????(????)??????????????(????)

    8. ??,?????????,???????????,???????????????????,????????????,??????????,???????,???????????????????? ??,???????,???????????????????,????????????????,????????,?????????????

    9. 2 ?????? ?????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????? ???????,?????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????? ?????????????????,??????,???????????????????????????????????(????)?; ??,???????,??????????????

    10. 3 ????? ????????????,??????,?????,????????????????,???????????,????????????,??????????,????????;?????????;??????,???????(???????)?????????,??????,???????,??????????,??????????,????????,???????,?????????,?????????,??????????????

    11. ????,?????: 1 ??????(????????)???; 2 ???????????; 3 ??????????;

    12. ??? ????????? ????????: 1 ??(?)(Cause of Disease):???????????? 2 ???(parasite):???????????,???????????? 3 ??(Host):??????????; 4 ???(Pathogen):????????????? 5 ???:???????????????

    13. ???????????? 1 ??: (1) ????:???????????????????????(???)??????????????????,??????,?????????????,?: ???:?????; ???:??????????????????????; ???:??(5???); ?????:??,???????; ???:??????;

    14. ??????????????,??,????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????;

    15. (2) ?????:???????????????????????????????????????????; ?????????????????,??,?????????????,???????,??????? ??????????,????????????????,?????????,?????????????????????,??,????????????????,????????????????????

    16. 2 ????: ????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????

    17. 3 ????: ????????????(???????????); ???????????????????????????????(????)???????????????,???????,?????,?????,????????? ??????????:????????????; ???????(????4???~5?????); ????(??????????); ?????:??,??????,?????????????,???????????——???????

    18. 4 ???????????(?????) 70???,??????????,????????????T?????????,???????,????? ??????????????????,?????????????,?: ?????,??????; ??????????; ?????,?????; ?????????,??????????;

    19. ????????????? ??(symptom):???????????????????? ??:???????????????? ??(sign):???????????????????? ????????????????,??,??????????,???????????,???????????????

    20. 1 ???? ???????????????,???,????????; (1)??(discolour):??????,?????????????????????????? ??????????,?????????????? ???????? A ????:????????????????????; ??:?????,????????;?:?N,????; ??:?????,?????,????;?:?????——???;?????,?Fe? ??:???????:?????,????(???) ??:???????,????????;?:?????; ??:???;?:???Z???; B ?????:???????; ??:????????,????;?:??????;?????(???) ?????:?,???????——??????; ??:?????????,?????;??????;

    21. (2)??(necrosis): ???????????,???????????????,??????????????????,???????? A ????(spot): ??,?????????;?????; ??:?????(??,???) ??: ?????:?????;?????;?????;?????; B:??: ??:???????,??????; ??:???; ??:????; ??:???????,??????; ??:

    22. (3)??(rot): ??????,?????,?????????????,??????????????; ???????,????????; ????: A ??:???????????,??????; B ??:????????,?????,?????; C ??:????????,????????,???????????; ?????????,??????????????????;

    23. (4)??(wilt): ???????????,???????,??????????,????????? ??:????,????,????,????????; ??:??????,???????;??????;???????;

    24. (5)??(malformation): ???????????,?????,?????????? ?????:?????;?????; ?????:?????; ????:?????,???;???; ????????:?????; ??:?????; ??:?????,???????;

    25. 2 ???? ????????????,??????????????,?????????????: A ???:????????(?????,???????????) B ???:????????(??????????) C ???????:?????????????; D ???:?????(??)??????; E ?????:??????????????????; F ??:????????; G ???:??—????;

    26. 3 ?????? ??????????,???????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????,???????????,?????????? (1)????????????????; ?:?????,????????3-4????; ????,??????,????,???——?????? ???????——??; ????,???????——???; ?????:??? ???: ???:

    27. (2)?????: ??:????????????;????(?Fe,??);????(?????????????) ??:????????????:???——????; (3)???????: ????:??????????????,?????; ??:???????????????????(?????); (4)???? ????????????????????TMV?PVX??????,????????????????????????

    28. ????????? ???????????,????????????????????6?: 1 ?????: ????????????;(??????????)? 2 ??????: ????????????????????,?????????????????; 3 ?????: ???????????????????,?????????????????,?????;

    29. 4 ???????: ?????????????????;?????????,?????; 5 ?????????: ????????????????????;????????; 6 ?????????: ??????(??????????)????????????????????????????????????;????????????????;

    30. 7 ??????: ??????; 8 ??????: ?????; 9 ??????: ?????; 10 ?????: ???????; 11 ??????: ???????;

    31. ?? ???????? ???????????????? ??:?????????? ????????????:??????????????????????????? ????????

    54. SOFT ROT DISEASES

    55. Soft Rot Symptoms Tissues become soft and mushy Affected area is wet (watersoaked) Plant cells in affected area are killed Tissue may become discolored Rotten tissue may develop a bad odor

    56. All soft rot pathogens produce large quantities of PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES. These enzymes break down the pectic polysaccharides in the plant cell wall.

    58. Affects of pectolytic enzymes on plant cells and tissues: As the pectic materials in the middle lamella are degraded, the cells within the tissue no longer adhere to one another and the tissues become soft. The cell membranes are also affected and the cells lose water causing the tissue to become watersoaked. Plant cells are killed by exposure to pectolytic enzymes.

    59. If plant tissues are treated with purified pectolytic enzymes (in the absence of the pathogenic bacteria or fungi) the same soft rot symptoms will develop.

    60. The most important bacterial soft rot pathogen is Erwinia carotovora. It survives in infected plant tissue and plant debris, on plant surfaces, in bodies of water, in soil, and in insects. The bacterium is spread by insect vectors, water (rain, irrigation), and physical contact of diseased and healthy produce. Plant tissue is invaded through wounds created by insects, harvest, handling, etc.

    61. Control of bacterial soft rot: Sanitation- discard plant debris, clean storage facilities, etc. Avoid wounding plant material. Store produce under cool, dry conditions, if possible. Control insects that can spread the disease.

    62. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common fungal soft rot pathogen.

    63. Rhizopus soft rot: Primarily a post-harvest problem on a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, bulbs of flower crops, etc. Rhizopus is a ubiquitous saprophyte in addition to being a soft rot pathogen. Infects plant tissues via wounds. Survives on plant tissues, soil, etc. Rapidly produces hyphae and fruiting structures on infected tissues. Disseminated via wind blown spores.

    64. Controlling Rhizopus soft rot: Sanitation- discard infected material; keep storage facilities clean. Disinfest storage facilities with copper sulfate, bleach, etc. Avoid wounding plant material. Store produce under cool conditions.

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