Carbon Negative Off Grid Smart City

1. Carbon Negative Off Grid Smart City Dr NazimPadvekar Tapan Das

2. Vision & Goals Vision “Carbon negative cities of New India : 100 off-grid smart cities for 21st Century” Mission & Goals • Sustainable living solutions • Decentralization of Cities • 21st centuries living

3. Part I - Environment

4. Issues • Fossils fuel destroying core values of environment. • Rejecting carbon emissions in lifestyle. • Deforestations is deadly to environment . Reference:- www.nasa.gov

5. Queries People also ask ... • What is atmosphere and its layers? • What can be found in the layers of the atmosphere? • Where do satellites orbit in the atmospheric layers? • Which layer of atmosphere has high concentration of ions?

6. Atmosphere • The atmosphere is a cloud of gas and suspended solids extending from the Earth's surface out many thousands of miles, becoming increasingly thinner with distance but always held by the Earth's gravitational pull. • The atmosphere surrounds the Earth and holds the air we breathe; it protects us from outer space; and holds moisture (clouds), gases, and tiny particles. In short, the atmosphere is the protective bubble in which we live. • Without our atmosphere, there would be no life on earth. • Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four layers. • From highest to lowest, the five main layers are: • Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) • Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) • Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) • Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) • Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles) Reference - Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/atmos_intro.html

7. Layers of Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Exosphere Reference- Layers of Earth's Atmosphere | UCAR Center for Science Education https://scied.ucar.edu › atmosphere-layers http://www.sciencescene.com/Environmental%20Science/05Atmosphere&Climate/SUPPORT/Layers%20in%20the%20Atmosphere.htm

8. Reference - www.vtaide.com › png › atmosphere

9. Composition of Layers of Atmosphere Each layer of the atmosphere has distinct characteristics. • TroposphereThe troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometres high (5 to 9 miles). This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region. • StratosphereThe stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometres (31 miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer. • MesosphereThe mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometres (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer • ThermosphereThe thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometres (372 miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer. • IonosphereThe ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometres (30 miles) above the surface to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere. This dynamic region grows and shrinks based on solar conditions and divides further into the sub-regions: D, E and F; based on what wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed. The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions. This region is what makes radio communications possible. • ExosphereThis is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). Reference - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/atmosphere-layers2.html

10. The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature.

11. Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles) • The region above about 500 km is called the exosphere. • It contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but there are so few of them that they rarely collide - they follow "ballistic" trajectories under the influence of gravity, and some of them escape right out into space.

12. Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles) • The thermosphere lies above the mesopause, and is a region in which temperatures again increase with height. • This temperature increase is caused by the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from the sun. • The region of the atmosphere above about 80 km is also caused the "ionosphere", since the energetic solar radiation knocks electrons off molecules and atoms, turning them into "ions" with a positive charge. • The temperature of the thermosphere varies between night and day and between the seasons, as do the numbers of ions and electrons which are present. • The ionosphere reflects and absorbs radio waves, allowing us to receive shortwave radio broadcasts in New Zealand from other parts of the world.

13. Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles) • The region above the stratosphere is called the mesosphere. • Here the temperature again decreases with height, reaching a minimum of about -90°C at the "mesopause".

14. Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles) • This extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere. • The increase in temperature with height occurs because of absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone. • Temperatures in the stratosphere are highest over the summer pole, and lowest over the winter pole. • By absorbing dangerous UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects us from skin cancer and other health damage. • However chemicals (called CFCs or freons, and halons) which were once used in refrigerators, spray cans and fire extinguishers  have reduced the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, particularly at polar latitudes, leading to the so-called "Antarctic ozone hole". • Now humans have stopped making most of the harmful CFCs we expect the ozone hole will eventually recover over the 21st century, but this is a slow process.

15. Troposphere: 0 to 12 km(0 to 7 miles) • This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains most of our weather - clouds, rain, snow. • In this part of the atmosphere the temperature gets colder as the distance above the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometre. • The actual change of temperature with height varies from day to day, depending on the weather. • The troposphere contains about 75% of all of the air in the atmosphere, and almost all of the water vapour (which forms clouds and rain). • The decrease in temperature with height is a result of the decreasing pressure. • If a parcel of air moves upwards it expands (because of the lower pressure). When air expands it cools. • So air higher up is cooler than air lower down. • The lowest part of the troposphere is called the boundary layer.  • This is where the air motion is determined by the properties of the Earth's surface.  • Turbulence is generated as the wind blows over the Earth's surface, and by thermals rising from the land as it is heated by the sun.  • This turbulence redistributes heat and moisture within the boundary layer, as well as pollutants and other constituents of the atmosphere.  • The top of the troposphere is called the tropopause. • This is lowest at the poles, where it is about 7 - 10 km above the Earth's surface. • It is highest (about 17 - 18 km) near the equator.

16. Gases in Atmosphere • The protective bubble consists of several gases (listed in the table to the right) with the top four making up 99.998% of all gases. • Of the dry composition of the atmosphere nitrogen, by far, is the most common. Nitrogen dilutes oxygen and prevents rapid burning at the Earth's surface. Living things need it to make proteins. • Oxygen is used by all living things and is essential for respiration. It is also necessary for combustion or burning. • Argon is used in light bulbs, in double-pane windows, and used to preserve the original Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. • Plants use carbon dioxide to make oxygen. Carbon dioxide also acts as a blanket that prevents the escape of heat into outer space.

17. Chemical Composition of Atmosphere Chemical makeup of the atmosphere excluding water vapour These percentages of atmospheric gases are for a completely dry atmosphere. The atmosphere is rarely, if ever, dry. Water vapour (water in a 'gas' state) is nearly always present up to about 4% of the total volume. Reference - http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/atmos_intro.html

18. Chemical Composition of Atmosphere • In the Earth's desert regions (30°N/S) when dry winds are blowing, the water vapour contribution to the composition of the atmosphere will be near zero. • Water vapour contribution climbs to near 3% on extremely hot/humid days. • The upper limit, approaching 4%, is found in tropical climates. • The table (left) shows the changes in atmospheric composition with the inclusion of different amounts of water vapour. Chemical makeup of the atmosphere including water vapour Reference - http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/atmos_intro.html

19. The atmospheric composition on Earth is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air from earth’s atmosphere contains 78.08 percent of nitrogen, 20.95 percent of oxygen, 0.93 percent of argon, 0.038 percent of carbon dioxide. Traces of hydrogen, helium, and other “noble” gases, but generally a variable amount of water vapour is also present, on average about 1 percent at sea level. Reference - http://byjus.com/physics/atmosphere/

20. Atmospheric Pollution & its Effects • The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%) that surrounds Earth. • High above the planet, the atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. • It is divided into five layers. Most of the weather and clouds are found in the first layer. • The atmosphere is an important part of what makes Earthlivable. • It blocks some of the Sun's dangerous rays from reaching Earth. • It traps heat, making Earth a comfortable temperature. And the oxygen within our atmosphere is essential for life. • Over the past century, greenhouse gases and other air pollutants released into the atmosphere have been causing big changes like global warming, ozone holes, and acid rain.

21. Greenhouse gases • GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. • The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. • Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F),[rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).[ • In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect. Reference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

22. Air Pollution • Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (taken as the year 1750) have produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017.[ • This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. • Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (i.e., emissions produced by human activities) come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, along with deforestation, soil erosion and animal agriculture. • It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate, Earth's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047, with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems, biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide.[ • Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 °C global warming, which the United Nations' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" global warming, by 2036. Reference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

23. Global warming • Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. • Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. • Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid-19th century, and in paleoclimateproxy records covering thousands of years.[6] Reference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

24. Ozone depletion & Ozone hole • Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth'sstratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions. • The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. • In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events. • The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is man-made chemicals, in particular man-made halocarbonrefrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), HCFCs, freons, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). • These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by winds after being emitted at the surface.[ • Once in the stratosphere, they release halogen atoms through photodissociation, which catalyze the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2).[ • Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased. Reference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

25. Ozone depletion & Ozone hole • Ozone depletion and the ozone hole generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. • The ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. • These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. • These concerns led to adoption in 1987 of the Montreal Protocol, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals. Reference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

26. Acid Rain • Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. • Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. • Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results. • Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulphur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. • Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.

27. Solution • We must stop deforestation and should adopt Carbon negative theme. • Increase GHG-Green house Gases • Natural Atmospheric composition should show a close • 78% nitrogen • 22% oxygen

28. Part II – Construction Drawbacks & Solution

29. Drawbacks of Conventional RCC Housing • Exorbitant Energy Consumption. • Development of Cracks & Seepage. • Excessive Water Usage. • Bio-Waste Disposal Problems. • Major Contributors to Global Warming.

30. Excessive Energy Consumption • Energy consumption by conventional residential housing has very significant part of share in total energy consumption in the world. • World is already lacking to meet the energy demand. • Frequent power cuts are observed all over. • Voltage fluctuations are beyond tolerance band. • Poor power quality; effects efficiency as well as life of electronics equipment.

31. Seepage, Cracks and Other Issues • Technically wrong designs are practiced. • 50 ton structure is built on 5 tons base, this reduces the life of structure significantly. • Seepage and developing cracks are common phenomenon in RCC constructions; it reduces the life drastically. • Excavating stones, stealing sand from banks cause very bad impact on environment.

32. Excessive Water Usage • There is abundant and careless usage of water. • Real Estate industry causes scarcity of water in many regions. • Water is a very valuable resource and must be conserved.

33. Bio-Waste Disposal • Daily household waste are disposed recklessly in open fields. • This causes complete extinction of some species in those fields. • It causes various health problems to humans in nearby areas. • It destroys the environment and we have only one planet to live.

34. Global Warming • It has been studied that 40% of Co2 generation & carbon emissions are from real-estate industry. • Energy consumption, waste disposal ultimately contribute to climate change & global warming. • It is an serious issue and it must be addressed immediately. www.reliancesolarenergy.in www.thebabylon.in

35. Benefits over conventional RCC Housing • Zero energy consumption from grid- Off Grid. • Very beautiful European construction. • Self water generation plant. • Waste treating on site. • Completely eco-friendly.

36. Zero Energy Consumption • Each house will be certified as 5 star rating of GRIHA or leedscentral government scheme, it reduces heat by 10% to 15% outside to inside home. • Completely electrified on Solar Energy, rooftop solar system. • There would be no need of govt. power supply.

37. European Construction • The life of your home is increased to 50 years plus. • Your home will be of 9 scale earthquake resistance. • Your home will have zero seepage of water. • Your home will need very less maintenance cost such as painting, termite protections, repairing. • Your home will protect you in storm going 150km/hr.

38. Atmospheric Water Generation • It is device that extracts water from humid ambient air when humidity is exceeding 50% in air. • Water vapor in the air is condensed by cooling the air below its dew point. • Water is treated and made drinkable through RO system.

39. Bio-Waste Treatment • Biogas is generated from human waste and kitchen waste which can be used, replacing LPG. • Liquid fertilizer is also produced. • The remaining recycled water can be used for gardening purpose.

40. 100% Eco-Friendly • Since the entire house is electrified using Solar Energy, we ultimately reduce CO2 generation & carbon emissions. • Bio-Waste is treated adequately. • No RCC construction applied, so no harm to mother nature.

41. Part III – City Planning & Strategy

42. Goals • Making everyone live with their highest potential • Making everyone live with full of happiness & cheer • Making everyone live a healthy & a peaceful life • Making everyone's life Hassel-free • Letting people enjoy a beautiful combination of nature & modernization • A beautiful combination of City life & Rural Life • Eliminating the hardships & disadvantages in current City & Rural life • Decentralization of Mega Cities • Creating a lot of Employment Opportunities • Self-sufficiency of the New Towns • Reducing Inequality • Increase in public social awareness regarding cleanliness, helping sense • Maximum usage of Non-Conventional energy like solar, wind, etc • Promoting renewable energy, green building concept, rain water harvesting & recycling of water • Making this Planet, the most beautiful one in the universe

43. Key Features & Differentiators- Our USP Includes... Special Features Like... • A Residential Hub • A Commercial Hub • An Industrial Hub • A Medical Hub • Tourism Hub • Fitness & Recreational Center • Entertainment Centre • R & D Center • Civic Infrastructures • Security & Control Room • Exhibition Centers • Social Activities & Events • Smart City Administration • Happy Home • Religious Harmony • Social Farming • Voluntary Work • World-class Landscaping • Eco-friendly, Carbon negative town

44. Residential Complex Estimated city population is around 1,65,000 (I.e. one lac sixty-five thousands) divided into 8 neighborhoods' Distribution of Population- Designed & sanctioned by Special Planning Authority. To be constructed by SMART CITY’s sister concern

45. Commercial & Industrial Complex COMMERCIAL HUB • Small convenience shops in each sector • Shopping Mall & Multiplex • A huge Commercial Center in the central Amenities sector for corporate offices (shops & offices are specified for particular category) INDUSTRIAL HUB • Large IT park • A Logistic park • Cold Storage • Food Processing Units

46. Educational Facilities In Each Neighborhood • Nursery • Primary School • Secondary School • A Residential School upto 10th grade • In Central Hub • A big educational space for all kinds of education of International Standard with hostel facilities • A huge Central Library (specially designed)

47. Medical Facilities In Each Neighborhood • Dispensary • Maternity Home • A Hospital In Central Hub *A multi-speciality Hospital with all branches of medicines like: • Allopathy • Homeopathy • Ayurvedic • Naturopathy, etc • *Large Ayurvedic Center

48. Sports Facilities In Each Neighborhood • Two Badminton Halls • A Cricket Playground • Swimming Pool • Gymnasium • Other mini sports In Central Hub • International Cricket Stadium • International Football Stadium • International Golf Coarse • Lawn Tennis Court • Sports Complex with: • Badminton Halls • Table Tennis courts • Basketball Court • Swimming Pools • Athletics • Other Indoor and outdoor games

49. Fitness, Recreation & Entertainment • One Gym per sector • A Jogging Track per neighborhood • A-grade restaurants, 3-star, 5-star Hotels, Pool-side open Restaurants • Clean & hygienic street food centers at each neighborhood & central commercial hub • A small garden/park per neighborhood • One small Meditation centre per neighborhood & a big one at Central place • Club Houses • One International drama theatre & 2 domestic drama theatres • Art, Dance, Music & Acting academies • Spas & Massage centers • Beauty Parlors & Salons EXHIBITION CENTER • Domestic & International Exhibition Center • Cultural Activities

50. Civic Infrastructure • 200 feet wide internal roads • 24/7 Water & Electricity supply • Central Fuel Storage • Cooking Gas via Pipelines • Underground cabling system • Underground Sewage water & Sanitation arrangement • Separate footpaths, cycle tracks & skating routes • Sufficient Parking Lots at appropriate places • Sky Walks suitable for all age groups & abilities • Public Toilets/Restrooms • 24 hours public transport (Solar Buses) • Separately planned Bus Stops & lanes • Justice Courts • Banks, ATMs, Post Offices, Fuel Pumps, Help Desks, etc • Solid & Liquid, and Wet & Dry waste management • Water Recycling & purification plants