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11 sep

Daily Current Affairs September 3, 2024 - Copy

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11 sep

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  1. DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS September 11, 2024 Mains ( General Studies II ) New Treatment Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant TB Context Recently, the Health Ministry approved a new treatment regimen for Multidrug-Resistant TB. Mains Question What is Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)? How can it be cured? What are the pre- scribed drugs for MDR-TB? Approach 1. Introduce Multi-Drug Resistant TB and the reasons behind its development. 2. Discuss the increasing menace of MDR-TB in India and the need for the BPaLM regimen introduced by the health ministry. 3. Conclude with the need to tackle TB in India with a reference to the Tuberculosis (TB) Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan. About ● According to the World Health Organization, Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a form of TB disease which is caused by a strain of M. tuberculosis complex that is resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid. ● Rifampin and isoniazid combination is used to treat tuberculosis (TB) infection. Rifampin belongs to the class of medicines called antibiotics. It is used to kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. ● The Union Health Ministry has approved the BPaLM regimen which consists of four drugs such as Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin. ● The combination has proven to be a safe, more effective and quicker treatment option than the previous MDR-TB treatment procedure. State of MDR-TB in India and the World ● According to WHO Statistics, an estimated 4,10,000 people developed multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) in 2022. ● The treatment success rate for people diagnosed with MDR/RR-TB has steadily improved over the years. However, it has remained alarmingly low. ● Till 2020, the treatment success rate of MDR/RR-TB around the world was 63%, up from 60% in 2019 and 50% in 2012. ● According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the estimated number of MDR and XDR-TB cases which have been put on treatment as per the global TB report was 4 per 100,000 and 1 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

  2. per 100,000 population, respectively. ● Ironically, there was a significant reduction was observed in the total number of drug-resistant TB (DR- TB) patients worldwide. ● Further, in 2020 and 2021, there was a reduction of 14% and 9% in the number of MDR patients put on treatment. ● Further, higher reductions were also seen in the number of XDR-TB patients being started on treatment in 2020 and 2021. Causes, Emergence and Spread of MDR-TB Priority Actions Recommended by WHO To Address MDR-TB Crisis 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

  3. Regimen Recommended by WHO to Treat Patients With MDR-TB There are several regimens which can be used in patients with MDR/RR-TB. The choice of this regimen is recommended based on the following factors: BPaLM Regimen ● It is provided for those patients with MDR/RR-TB with or without additional resistance to fluoroquinolones. ● This is a 6-month all-oral treatment regimen. It comprises bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin. 9-month All-Oral Regimen ● It is provided to patients with MDR/RR-TB and in whom resistance to fluoroquinolones has been excluded. Longer Individualized Regimens ● It is provided for patients with MDR/RR-TB who had no favourable treatment outcome using the above 6-month or 9-month regimens. ● These patients have TB disease caused by M. tuberculosis strains with extensive drug resistance or intolerance to key components of the above-mentioned regimens. ● These regimens have a duration of at least 18 months and are individually designed based on a hierarchical grouping of second-line TB medicines, the drug-resistance profile and the patient’s medical history. Tuberculosis (TB) Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan ● Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ● Tuberculosis (TB) Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan was launched in 2021 under the National Strategic Plan India 2020–25 for TB Elimination. ● It is a major mission mode activity which aims to end the epidemic of TB by 2025. ● This mission is a multi-dimensional approach which aims to detect all TB patients. ● It emphasizes reaching patients who are seeking TB care from private practitioners and undiagnosed TB in high-risk populations. 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

  4. Project GATIMAN ● To achieve the ultimate goal of a TB Mukt Bharat (TB-free India), WHO-India also implemented Project GATIMAN. ● It aims to enhance technical assistance in the areas of public-private partnership, TB surveillance, knowledge management, implementation research, drug-resistant TB, laboratories, TB infection management, and advocacy and communications across states and UTs. ● Further, WHO-India has also identified and adopted 100 difficult-to-reach and neglected districts for ending TB in India. National Strategic Plan 2020–2025 ● NSP India 2020–2025 was launched after the previous NSP 2017-2025 failed to meet its target. ● The plan identifies a number of goals which still need to be carried out for the elimination of TB from India. This plan intends to accelerate the national response to TB. ● Under, NSP (2020-2025), a large number of actions have been recommended. These are: ● Revisiting Polio Success Story: The plan aims to mount a TB elimination campaign which is inspired by lessons gained from the eradication of Polio. ● Priority Reinforcements: The plan aims to provide top-priority reinforcements to the existing workforce. It aims to scale up private provider engagement. ● Change in Approach: The new NSP aims to change the previous approach from passive commu- nity involvement to full community participation and ownership. ● Increasing Investment: The plan aims to increase investment in TB surveillance staff and sys- tems for accurate, complete and timely information. ● Upgraded Diagnostic Tools: The mission aims to deploy new precision diagnostic tools and support patients comprehensively throughout treatment; ● Introducing New Regimen: The plan aims to deploy and evaluate ambitious plans to implement TB preventive treatment in households and other close contacts, children, People living with HIV (PLHIV) and other locally defined “high-risk” groups by using new and short regimens. Conclusion India has constantly been the ‘World Capital’ of Tuberculosis, hosting the highest number of TB patients. After revising and upgrading its National Strategic Plan it has also launched a number of campaigns such as ‘TB-Mukt Panchayat Abhiyan’ under ‘TB-Mukt Bharat Abhiyan’. The consistent pursuit of eliminating TB has led to a decrease in a number of TB patients in the Post-pandemic era. India aims to eliminate TB by 2025 which is five years ahead of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target of 2030. Sources: The Hindu, WHO, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

  5. International Relations - Mains ( General Studies II ) India, UAE Ink Pact for Civil Nuclear Cooperation Context Recently, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on Monday signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for civil nuclear cooperation. Mains Question 1. What is a ‘Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement’? What are the principles binding these agreements? Approach 1. Introduce the objectives of the Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement and the principles binding these agreements. 2. Discuss UAE-India civil nuclear cooperation agreement as India’s soft power. 3. Conclude with the need for such agreements to promote nuclear energy as a boon rather than a bane. About ● India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed an MOU for civil nuclear cooperation during the visit of Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, to New Delhi. ● The deal was struck between Nuclear Power Cooper- ation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) and the ENEC (Emirates Nuclear Energy Company)-led Barakah Nuclear Pow- er Plant Operations. ● The current nuclear cooperation is the result of the long-standing pending issue of nuclear cooperation, which was proposed during the visit of Prime Min- ister Narendra Modi to the UAE in 2015. ● The deal aims to form cooperation in the “peaceful use of nuclear energy”, including in areas of “safety, health, agriculture, and science and technology.” 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

  6. India and Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreements ● Till 2024, India has signed civil nuclear cooperation agreements with many countries such as France, the United States, Russia, Namibia, Canada, Argentina, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, the Czech Republic, Australia, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom. ● These agreements aim to facilitate the transfer of technologies to enhance the level of technical expertise for using nuclear energy in different sectors. Sources: The Hindu, Ministry of External Affairs 3rd Floor, 36 Pusa Road, Above Kalyan Jewellers, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 +91 96676 61547, +91 96676 68174 www.avadhojhaclasses.com

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