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Understanding Macromolecules: Structure, Bonds, and Processes

This overview explores the fundamental concepts of macromolecules, including their structures such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Learn about monomers, polymers, and important bonds like glycosidic, phosphodiester, and peptide bonds. The processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are also explained. Discover the differences between DNA and RNA, and understand the building blocks of fats and lipids. This guide is essential for anyone studying biological macromolecules and their chemical interactions.

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Understanding Macromolecules: Structure, Bonds, and Processes

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  1. Review: Macromolecules

  2. Which terms could be used to correctly describe the structure below? • macromolecule • Monomer • Building block • Polymer • Both a and d

  3. This polymer is made up of repeating units called __________. • macromolecules • Monomers • Carbohydrates • Nucleic acids

  4. The type of bond that forms between the monomers is __________. • ionic bonds • Covalent bonds • Hydrogen bonds • Noncovalent bonds

  5. What is the name of the process where these bonds are formed? Dehydration synthesis

  6. Which statements are true about dehydration synthesis? • water is added • Water is removed • Energy is used • Energy is released • Catalyst is needed • Catalyst is not needed

  7. What is the name of the process where these bonds are broken? Hydrolysis

  8. Which statements are true about Hydrolysis? • water is added • Water is removed • Energy is used • Energy is released • Catalyst is needed • Catalyst is not needed

  9. If the structure below was a carbohydrate….. • What structure is the red arrow pointing to? • Monosaccharide

  10. If the structure below was a carbohydrate….. • What structure is the red arrow pointing to? • Glycosidic linkage (which is specific name of a covalent bond)

  11. What is another term for the carbohydrate that links hundreds of monosaccharides? • Polysaccharides

  12. If the structure below was a carbohydrate….. • What would you call this structure? • Disaccharide

  13. If the structure below was a starch molecule….. • What kind of monosaccharide monomer is this? • Glucose

  14. If the structure below was a nucleic acid….. • What structure is the red arrow pointing to? • Nucleotide

  15. If the structure below was a nucleic acid….. • What are two examples of this polymer? • DNA and RNA

  16. If the structure below was a nucleic acid….. • How is DNA different from RNA? • RNA is single stranded and DNA is double, uracil replaces thymine in RNA, sugar is Ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA

  17. If the structure below was a nucleic acid….. • What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? • 5 carbon Sugar (pentose sugar), nitrogenous base, phosphate group

  18. If the structure below was a nucleic acid….. • What is the name of the bond that links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another? • Phosphodiester bond (specifc type of covalent bond)

  19. If the structure below was a protein….. • What structure is the red arrow pointing to? • Amino Acid

  20. If the structure below was a protein….. • What structure is the red arrow pointing to? • Peptide bond (which is specific name of a covalent bond)

  21. If the structure below was a protein….. • What would you call this structure? • Dipeptide

  22. If the structure below was a protein….. • Many amino acids linked together can be called a ___________? • Polypeptide

  23. Which group changes in different amino acids? • Blue • Green • Purple • Yellow

  24. Which group is the amino group? • Blue • Green • Purple • Yellow

  25. Which group is the carboxyl group? • Blue • Green • Purple • Yellow

  26. Which group interacts to form tertiary structures? • Blue • Green • Purple • Yellow

  27. Which groups interacts to form secondary structures? • Blue • Green • Purple • Yellow

  28. Which category of lipids is shown below? • Phospholipids

  29. Which category of lipids is shown below? • Steroids

  30. Which category of lipids is shown below? • Fats

  31. Saturated or Unsaturated fat? • saturated

  32. Monounsaturated or Polyunsaturated fat? • polyunsaturated

  33. What is the Yellow portion of the diagram below called? • Fatty Acid Chains

  34. What is the Green portion of the diagram below called? • Glycerol

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