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Section 2 pages 34-43

Section 2 pages 34-43. Egyptian Civilization Big Idea(Oder and Security): Continuity and stability were characteristic of Egyptian civilization for thousands of years. Photos have been taken from the internet or Pocket Genius. A Views of Egypt. Geography. Egypt is in northeast Africa

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Section 2 pages 34-43

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  1. Section 2 pages 34-43 Egyptian Civilization Big Idea(Oder and Security): Continuity and stability were characteristic of Egyptian civilization for thousands of years. Photos have been taken from the internet or Pocket Genius

  2. A Views of Egypt

  3. Geography • Egypt is in northeast Africa • Nile runs north • Nile Delta is where it empties into the Mediterranean • Major cities are at the start of the delta. • The Nile River-gave Egypt life, called “Gift of the Nile.” • Travel • Communication with other regions, and the • Fertile land -15 miles of fertile land on each side • Natural boundaries-gave protection to Egypt from invasions. • Desert to West and East, • Rapids on southern part of Nile • Mediterranean Sea to the North

  4. Religion-polytheistic Sun gods-source of life. Re was the most important and rulers were seen as an earthly forms of Re. River and land gods Included Osiris and his wife Isis, who brought civilization to Egypt. Legend says Seth (Osiris’s evil brother) cut Osiris into pieces and threw him into the Nile. Isis and other gods brought him back to life. Osiris symbolizes resurrection or rebirth. Egyptians believe in life after death, and bury their dead in tombs. Kings buried in pyramid tombs. • .)

  5. Early Government • Evolved to regulate the Nile, worked together to control floods. • Chiefdoms grew into kingdoms-3100BC, King Menes, united upper and lower Egypt and creates a dynasty. • Dynasty-rule is passed within family. • From this point rulers were called “King of Upper and Lower Egypt” to show unity .

  6. Old Kingdom-lasted 2700-2200 B.C about 500 years. • Government • Pharaoh “Great House” • Egyptian rulers who organized a strong central state. • Believed to be a god (Divine Power), had absolute power (complete power over people). • Developed a bureaucracy (government officials and procedures), run by the vizier (answered to pharaoh) • Divided Egypt into 42 providences with their own governor who answered to vizier. • Age of the pyramids – time when Egypt's greatest monuments were built. • When this kingdom ended Egypt was again divided into upper and lower.

  7. Old Kingdom/ Age of Pyramids • Pyramids – large structure for Pharaohs burial. • Khufu-Kept 100,000 men working 20 years to build the famous Great Pyramid at Giza. • Khafre-Son of Khufu, constructed the Great Sphinx at Giza. (lion’s body, man’s face.) Many believed the Sphinx was an important guardian of sacred sites.

  8. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

  9. Preparation for the Afterlife • Religion-human beings had 2bodies, a physical and spiritual(calledKa) ,to preserve the physical they practiced mummification. • It was a process usually for wealthy families because they could afford it. • Brain and organs were removed except for the heart which was needed for the final judgment. 1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

  10. The Valley of the Kings • During the New Kingdom Pharaohs will no longer be buried in Pyramids, but instead in the Valley of the Kings.

  11. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

  12. Middle Kingdom(2055BC-1650BC) 405 years • Golden Age of Stability. • Egypt is reunited • Expanded Kingdom into Africa and West Asia. • Pharaohs had concern for the people. • projects-drained swampland in Nile Delta (New farmland). -canal to connect Nile and Red Sea=trading.

  13. New Kingdom(1550 BC-1070 BC)480 years • Egyptconquered by Hyksos. • Ruled about 100 years. • Used bronze tools, horseback, and chariots. • They were very militaristic. • Combative people • Hyksos are driven out and Egypt is reunited • New Egypt • Militaristic=expand empire • Wealth= temples

  14. New Kingdom Pharaohs & Downfall. • Hatshepsut-1stwomen pharaoh. • Thutmose III-expanded through 17 military campaigns • Amenhotep IV ( Akhenaten)-(Sun God-Aten) introduced the worship of a single god (monotheistic). • Caused many problems • Some thought this meant the destruction of Egypt itself. • Led to disunity and loss of empire • Tutankhamen-boy pharaoh, restored old gods • Ramses II-last pharaoh that had much of an empire, gradually ended empire. • CleopatraVII-tried to re-establish Egypt’s independence, involved with Rome, led to defeat and suicide. Egypt becomes part of Rome. Very last Pharaoh.

  15. Egyptian life • Society-like a pyramid. • God/King at top(Pharaoh). • Upper class-nobles, priests, and government officials • Middle class-merchants, artisans, scribes, and tax collectors • Lower class-(biggest) farmers and slaves-did all labor.

  16. Economy & Family • Depended chiefly on agriculture. • Trade • Paid heavy taxes to support pharaohs government • Women –property and inheritance stayed in their hands. Could operate businesses and become priestesses (4 became pharaohs) • Monogamy-marriage to one person, man was master, could have more then one wife if she couldn’t give the man children. Wives ran household. • Parents arranged marriages. Wanted many sons to carry family name. • Were some divorces and women were compensated. • Only boys from upper and middle class received formal education in writing.

  17. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror Perfume Whigs

  18. Contributions of Egyptians • Architecture and engineering-stonemasonry, pyramids, temples, etc. • Art-sculptures, statues, paintings in tombs and temples, carvings, jewelry, wood furniture, and Pottery • Writing-hieroglyphic, very complex writing or carvings of priests, used for record keeping and general rules of daily life. • Science-solar year calendar, 365 days in a year. Math-geometry to build pyramids. Chemical process to embalm mummies. Medicine-set broken bones, recognized disease symptoms, and prescribed drugs.

  19. Section 2 Review • Pharaoh who introduced the worship of a single god, Aton, god of the sun disk • Akhenaton • Egyptian history is divided into three major periods, this includes? • Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms • Egyptian monarch’s title, originally meaning “great house.” • Pharaoh

  20. Section 2 Review • The Egyptians developed an accurate 365-day calendar by basing their year on what? • The movements of the moon and the star Sirius. • A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family • Dynasty • The development of Egyptian civilization was influenced most closely by what? • The Nile River

  21. Section 2 Review • Boy-pharaoh who restored worship of the old gods in the New Kingdom • Tutankhamen • Complex system of writing meaning “sacred writings” that is made up of pictures and forms. • Hieroglyphics • Osiris is an important figure in Egyptian religion who symbolizes what? • Resurrection • Upper and Lower Egypt were into a single kingdom around 3100 B.C. by who? • Menes

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