The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Chapter 22

2. Revolution What does this word mean? What have we seen so far? What are we about to see � Economy * Society Agriculture * Transportation Communication * Industry

3. Enclosure Movement The old use of common lands What happens to this land? Enclosure Movement: larger, more efficient system Growing population increased demand and also raised prices Benefits the wealthy landowners What happens to the small landowners?

4. New Stuff Jethro Tull: Hand scattering vs. seed drill Townshend: Crop rotation Also�iron plows vs. wood plows, Many farm workers were replaced by machines --- now more of a labor force moving into the city

5. Then vs. Today Increased demand for some product or service often promotes the development of new technology. Do you agree? Give examples!!!

6. Factors of Production Industrial Revolution: era of rapid industrial development. Factors of Production: Land: rivers, harbors, Capital: tools, machinery, equipment, inventory Labor: people

7. Domestic System Spun thread and wove cloth in their homes � pros and cons Biggest downfall � could not meet the growing demand Mechanization: machinery to increase production Evolutionary Process: new machines increase demand in many areas � production, supply, transportation, advertising��

8. Domestic System 1785: Water powered loom � one person could now weave as much cloth as 200 hand loom operators Each invention created a new need and human ingenuity filled the gap Factory System: collection of machines and workers. Worked certain # of hours in a specified day for certain wages

10. Supply increase - $ decrease Eli Whitney � cotton gin � Southern United States was the cotton producing capital of the world � helps promote slavery. Owners need help to run a factory � managers and foremen

11. Sports Like work, sports became more specialized. Equipment and variety of sports Players had specific positions that required specific skills, followed standard rules of conduct, used new technologies Impact on the economy???

12. Power Animal power, Waterpower, human A more portable and dependable power supply was needed � it was found in steam. James Watt � (1789) he patented the modern steam engine. Industry quickly adapted the engine to drive the new spinning and weaving engines.

13. Iron could not withstand high steam pressure. Steel was much stronger Impact on buildings Gas lighting in streets Rubber industry Oil industry

14. Ways of Industrial Protest Destroy or damage machinery Riots Strike? Wanted better working conditions and wages

15. Transportation Factories needed more raw materials and finished goods had to reach markets quickly. Stone-topped roads, canals, locks, steam engine impact, locomotive, Robert Fulton and the steamboat�� In the 1830s a steam powered ship crossed the Atlantic Ocean in about 17 days � less than half of the time of a sailing ship.

16. Communication Scientific research played a huge role Morse code and the telegraph Ship to ship / ship to shore Applications for today

17. Leading the Way Great Britain led the way What other industrial nations were there?

18. Section 2 The Factory System

19. Do you need to serve an apprenticeship of up to several years to work in a factory? Women and children were even used to run the machines. They would work for lower wages than men

20. Changing way of Life Did not work to complete a task � only worked on part of product. Produce goods as cheaply as possible Had little to show for their work Few opportunities to advance Inside work - dirty

21. Working Class Worked in factories for low wages Lived in tenements Most children did not attend school Lifestyles and living conditions were similar to lower middle class

22. Middle Class Were bankers, lawyers, doctors, factory owners, etc Rising social status Well-educated Gained social influence and political power

23. Lives of Factory Workers There were many rules to follow Breaking rules may result in fines, pay cuts, loss of job Sanitary conditions were poor Not very safe; lack of safety devices on machines No workers compensation Long days � machines never need to rest

24. Working conditions for children Factory Act of 1833 (Parliament) � allowed for factory inspection and enforcement of child labor laws Tenements � what? How crowded? Charles Dickens

25. Read � Young People in History � P. 553 A report published in 1842 stated that in research of the living conditions in poor neighborhoods 43,000 women had become widows and 112,000 children had become orphans as a result of poor sanitary conditions.

26. Development of the Middle Class A new, well educated middle class Management/Administrative Based upon economic standing, not birth Lifestyle began to reflect rising social status Wanted to live in less crowded neighborhoods Owned property, hired servants, ate well

27. Impact on the Lives of Women Women had always worked hard Cities allowed women new chances Factory work and domestic service Increased sense of independence Nurses, secretaries, telephone operators�� Women�s colleges Schools and teachers

28. Section 3 New methods and Business Organizations The Story Continues � �The price which society pays for the law of competition� is�great; but the advantages of this law are�greater still, for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development��

29. Capitalism An economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production. Privately owned and operated Capitalists produce and manufacture goods

30. Division of Labor and Interchangeable Parts Factory owners divided the manufacturing process into steps Assigned a step to each worker Produce more in a shorter time More profit for the owners The gun industry Parts were all alike Speedy production of products that can be easily repaired

31. Mass Production Producing large numbers of identical items All the parts were brought together and assembled at a single location Henry Ford saw a great potential in the assembly lines Monopoly � gained almost complete control of the production or sale of a good or service By reducing production costs, manufacturers were able to lower prices. More and more people could afford to buy a greater variety of goods and enjoy a higher standard of living.

32. ` Sole Proprietorship � one person Partnership � two or more people Corporations � buy stocks Business cycle � page 558

33. Michelle patterson rocks! Alternating patterns of prosperity and decline � a pattern that came to be called the business cycle. The success or failure of one industry often affected others.

34. Section 4

35. How did the Industrial Revolution affect people? Moved into cities Women and kids worked for low wages Long hours Tenements No workers compensation

36. Government and Business Some people/thinkers argued that business should be free to grow and change without any sort of government restrictions. Mercantilism Adam Smith � Wealth of Nations Considered the founder of classical economics

37. Laws of Economics 2 Natural Laws governed business: 1. The law of supply and demand 2. The law of competition Price Most efficient manufacturers will survive

38. People should be free to engage in whatever business they chose and run the business for their greatest advantage. Free enterprise Businesses should be unrestricted by laws, regulations or gov�t controls. Free to do business solely for their own gain.

39. Thomas Malthus Population increases present the greatest obstacle to human progress. Laissez-faire: govt should not meddle in operation of business � �let it be� or �leave things alone�

40. That�s Interesting (p. 561)

41. What do you think? Suggest your ideas for reforming specific �working� conditions here HHS.

42. Reforms Reforms are needed � but how do people know of bad situations? Humanitarians, ministers, famous writers, artists� Society is criticized for obsession with money and neglect of spiritual values Need laws for working hours, wages, conditions, children�s advocates � child labor, education, orphans�

43. Parliament�s Actions Factory Act of 1802 � shortened hours and improved conditions for kids working in cotton mills Factory Act of 1833 � extended the law to all textile mills Laws prohibited employment of kids under 9 years old. Those 9 � 13 could work no more than 8 hours a day, 6 days a week. Older kids could work no more than 12 hours a day.

44. Ten Hours Act (1847): set 10 hour work day for women and kids under 18 Laws are OK � but � what if they are not enforced?

45. Unions Workers joining together to get action Wages and working conditions Worker�s association were illegal at first Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 � could be imprisoned for such actions Eventually unions and workers actions were allowed by Parliament

46. Socialism Some ideas emerged out of the uneven distribution of wealth �The increasing wealth of the nation has had little or no tendency to better the conditions of the laboring poor� Workers remain poor yet their work drove the economy Ownership of means of production was seen as a way to more evenly distribute $$$$$

47. Socialism: political and economic system Government owns the means of production and operate them for the good of all Do away with profit motive and competition Utopian Socialism? Owen � paragraph #2 � p. 565

48. Karl Marx All great changes in history had come from changes in economic conditions. The Communist Manifesto � 1848 �The history of all hitherto existing society is the story of class struggle.� Primary Source � classes Each stage of history involved inequality � those who owned property and those who did not

49. Owners (bourgeoisie) vs. worker (proletariat) Labor only gets a small fraction of wealth it creates under capitalism Proletariat would unite and seize power in socialist revolution (The inmates running the jail)

50. Once people learned the benefits of working together cooperatively, the state would �wither away� Each person would contribute what he or she could and receive what he or she needed �From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs�

51. Marxist socialists often believed that violent revolution was required to get rid of capitalism. May be the only way to establish govts that owned means of production and controlled economic planning --- communism. Democratic Socialism: develop gradually through education and democratic forms of government --- election of government officials

52. Chapter 23

53. Section 1 Advances in Technology and Communication

54. Inventions Name some of the inventions that you use the most in your life. How would life be different without these inventions? What would be most difficult to accomplish without these inventions?

55. Inventions �The telephone is a curious device�.Of what use is such an invention?� Soon had a great effect on how people lived, worked, and thought.

56. Inventions Created new products Improved old products Electricity: new power source Dynamo: electric generator Gave increased power to machines in factories � thus greater output could be achieved One new source of power can lead to many important developments

57. Electricity Gave new power along streets, in homes and factories, etc To make electricity practical, it had to be transmitted efficiently from where it was generated to where it would be used Hydroelectric power � leads to dams being built What next? An internal combustion engine?

58. Alexander Graham Bell Guglielmo Marconi Automobiles: Daimler, Benz, Ford, Lenoir, Duryea Airplanes: Orville and Wilbur Wright � sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane � Kitty Hawk, NC

59. Section 2 Advance in science and medicine The biological, physical, and medical sciences The study of cells � a revolutionary idea?

60. An argument Creation vs. evolution � how big of an impact does this have on society? Charles Darwin � On The Origin of Species Those who survive will, in general, be those whose characteristics are best adapted to their environment. Survival of the fittest or natural selection

61. Genetics Genetics: the study of how the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendants Cloning and genetic engineering Because of genetic engineering, Australian sheep grow more wool Why do you think the idea of cloning humans is so controversial in the US today? Technology might be abused, once created do you need to regulate how the tech is used? What might the future application be?

62. Science Fiction The spirit of discovery in the scientific and industrial ages was reflected in this type of literature. Jules Verne H.G. Wells

63. The Fight Against Disease Prolonged human life Until the late 1800s as many as 50% of all people born died within the first 5 years after birth Little was known about the causes of death Smallpox � cowpox � vaccine: In 1796 Edward Jenner developed a vaccine effective against smallpox Louis Pasteur: discovered bacteria � showed they can travel in the air or through contact

64. Surgery Through the centuries, surgery has always been a last resort It was always painful and often fatal Just like today??? Ether and chloroform Infections Longer surgeries were now possible without the pain

65. Shrinking world Through the use of technology International fight against disease Trace illnesses � malaria, yellow fever, bubonic plague, importance of germs� Invented and tested many new medicines � aspirin, insulin, penicillin, sulfa� WW2 X-rays Building process

66. That InterestingIgnaz Semmelweis In the 1850s Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor, reduced the deaths from a certain type of fever in maternity wards in Vienna from 16% to 1% merely by insisting that surgeons wash their hands. Semmelweis, however, was driven out of the city by a jealous professor. Sent to an asylum, he died after a wound on his hand went untreated and became infected.

67. Section 3 Social Sciences in the Industrial Age �The job of history is to show what actually happened�The strict presentation of the facts�is undoubtedly the supreme law.� History is nothing more than a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.� �The history of the world is but the biography of great men.�

68. Social sciences Those branches of knowledge that scientifically study people as members of society � economics, history, political sciences, and human relations Objective and factual like science Collecting and arranging statistics in order to test their theories Systematic study of original materials Study people as member of society

69. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Sociology It was in the 1800s that scientists began to learn how old the Earth was and how long humans had lived on the Earth The study of similarities and differences among various societies

70. Survival of the Fittest �The individuals best adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper most, and the individuals least adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper least.� Social Darwinism Those who acquired wealth and power had done so because of their superior abilities. Poverty supposedly proved that people or groups were unfit.

71. Psychology A study of the mind and human behavior Ivan Pavlov � conditioning � human actions are responses to outside stimuli and can be changed by training Sigmund Freud � the unconscious as a determining factor in human behavior Freud treated patients by identifying their unconscious fears or desires Freud studied dreams Freud founded modern psychiatry

72. Section 4 - Society and Culture in the Industrial Age As the population grew it became more mobile Emigration: movements of people away from their native lands Between 1870 � 1900 � more than 10 million people left Europe for the United States Between 1892 � 1943 � approx 17 million ppl entered the United States at Ellis Island in New York Why flee their homes? Poor economic conditions, oppression, discrimination,

73. Sanitation and Public Order Houses did not have running water No sewers Garbage in the streets Foul smelling and unhealthy Improvements: iron pipes, running water, flush toilets Law enforcement

74. Diet and Food Storage Losing weight vs. healthy Preserving and transporting food Food/Health relationship becomes focus of some scientists Life expectancy becomes increased

75. Jane Adams Comes from a wealthy or poor background? Wanted to help the poor Hull House (1889) 1931: Second woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize

76. Public Education Education was important for all citizens Workers needed to read and write State sponsored schools promote patriotism Educated soldiers Improve chances for a better life Vocational and technical training Different for men and women

77. Public Education People knew more about current issues and were better able to participate in government Increased �publication industry�

78. Leisure Time Concerts, games, plays, sports � became professions Bicycle industry America�s game � Baseball Music halls Vaudeville Museums Libraries

79. Urban Planning Parks Zoning Emergency planning Urban sprawl

80. Section 5 Literature, Music, and Art in the Industrial Age

81. Question Does art usually reflect or respond to social and economic conditions?

82. Romanticism Reacting against age of reason and science Imagination and emotions Life as it should be rather than how it was Love for beauty and nature The glories of the past Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Wagner

83. Realism Photography and photojournalism start down the road to realism Tolstoy and Dickens Impressionism: Impression of people and places Monet and Renoir

84. Time for a Test!!! Questions???