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Revolution. What does this word mean?What have we seen so far?What are we about to see ?Economy* SocietyAgriculture* TransportationCommunication* Industry. Enclosure Movement. The old use of common landsWhat happens to this land?Enclosure Movement: larger, more efficient systemGrowi
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1. The Industrial Revolution Chapter 22
2. Revolution What does this word mean?
What have we seen so far?
What are we about to see …
Economy * Society
Agriculture * Transportation
Communication * Industry
3. Enclosure Movement The old use of common lands
What happens to this land?
Enclosure Movement: larger, more efficient system
Growing population increased demand and also raised prices
Benefits the wealthy landowners
What happens to the small landowners?
4. New Stuff Jethro Tull: Hand scattering vs. seed drill
Townshend: Crop rotation
Also…iron plows vs. wood plows,
Many farm workers were replaced by machines --- now more of a labor force moving into the city
5. Then vs. Today Increased demand for some product or service often promotes the development of new technology.
Do you agree? Give examples!!!
6. Factors of Production Industrial Revolution: era of rapid industrial development.
Factors of Production:
Land: rivers, harbors,
Capital: tools, machinery, equipment, inventory
Labor: people
7. Domestic System Spun thread and wove cloth in their homes – pros and cons
Biggest downfall – could not meet the growing demand
Mechanization: machinery to increase production
Evolutionary Process: new machines increase demand in many areas – production, supply, transportation, advertising……
8. Domestic System 1785: Water powered loom – one person could now weave as much cloth as 200 hand loom operators
Each invention created a new need and human ingenuity filled the gap
Factory System: collection of machines and workers. Worked certain # of hours in a specified day for certain wages
10. Supply increase - $ decrease
Eli Whitney – cotton gin – Southern United States was the cotton producing capital of the world – helps promote slavery.
Owners need help to run a factory – managers and foremen
11. Sports Like work, sports became more specialized.
Equipment and variety of sports
Players had specific positions that required specific skills, followed standard rules of conduct, used new technologies
Impact on the economy???
12. Power Animal power, Waterpower, human
A more portable and dependable power supply was needed – it was found in steam.
James Watt – (1789) he patented the modern steam engine.
Industry quickly adapted the engine to drive the new spinning and weaving engines.
13. Iron could not withstand high steam pressure.
Steel was much stronger
Impact on buildings
Gas lighting in streets
Rubber industry
Oil industry
14. Ways of Industrial Protest Destroy or damage machinery
Riots
Strike?
Wanted better working conditions and wages
15. Transportation Factories needed more raw materials and finished goods had to reach markets quickly.
Stone-topped roads, canals, locks, steam engine impact, locomotive, Robert Fulton and the steamboat……
In the 1830s a steam powered ship crossed the Atlantic Ocean in about 17 days – less than half of the time of a sailing ship.
16. Communication Scientific research played a huge role
Morse code and the telegraph
Ship to ship / ship to shore
Applications for today
17. Leading the Way Great Britain led the way
What other industrial nations were there?
18. Section 2 The Factory System
19. Do you need to serve an apprenticeship of up to several years to work in a factory?
Women and children were even used to run the machines.
They would work for lower wages than men
20. Changing way of Life Did not work to complete a task – only worked on part of product.
Produce goods as cheaply as possible
Had little to show for their work
Few opportunities to advance
Inside work - dirty
21. Working Class Worked in factories for low wages
Lived in tenements
Most children did not attend school
Lifestyles and living conditions were similar to lower middle class
22. Middle Class Were bankers, lawyers, doctors, factory owners, etc
Rising social status
Well-educated
Gained social influence and political power
23. Lives of Factory Workers There were many rules to follow
Breaking rules may result in fines, pay cuts, loss of job
Sanitary conditions were poor
Not very safe; lack of safety devices on machines
No workers compensation
Long days – machines never need to rest
24. Working conditions for children
Factory Act of 1833 (Parliament) – allowed for factory inspection and enforcement of child labor laws
Tenements – what? How crowded?
Charles Dickens
25. Read – Young People in History – P. 553
A report published in 1842 stated that in research of the living conditions in poor neighborhoods 43,000 women had become widows and 112,000 children had become orphans as a result of poor sanitary conditions.
26. Development of the Middle Class A new, well educated middle class
Management/Administrative
Based upon economic standing, not birth
Lifestyle began to reflect rising social status
Wanted to live in less crowded neighborhoods
Owned property, hired servants, ate well
27. Impact on the Lives of Women Women had always worked hard
Cities allowed women new chances
Factory work and domestic service
Increased sense of independence
Nurses, secretaries, telephone operators……
Women’s colleges
Schools and teachers
28. Section 3 New methods and Business Organizations
The Story Continues – “The price which society pays for the law of competition… is…great; but the advantages of this law are…greater still, for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development…”
29. Capitalism An economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production.
Privately owned and operated
Capitalists produce and manufacture goods
30. Division of Labor and Interchangeable Parts Factory owners divided the manufacturing process into steps
Assigned a step to each worker
Produce more in a shorter time
More profit for the owners
The gun industry
Parts were all alike
Speedy production of products that can be easily repaired
31. Mass Production Producing large numbers of identical items
All the parts were brought together and assembled at a single location
Henry Ford saw a great potential in the assembly lines
Monopoly – gained almost complete control of the production or sale of a good or service
By reducing production costs, manufacturers were able to lower prices. More and more people could afford to buy a greater variety of goods and enjoy a higher standard of living.
32. ` Sole Proprietorship – one person
Partnership – two or more people
Corporations – buy stocks
Business cycle – page 558
33. Michelle patterson rocks! Alternating patterns of prosperity and decline – a pattern that came to be called the business cycle.
The success or failure of one industry often affected others.
34. Section 4
35. How did the Industrial Revolution affect people? Moved into cities
Women and kids worked for low wages
Long hours
Tenements
No workers compensation
36. Government and Business Some people/thinkers argued that business should be free to grow and change without any sort of government restrictions.
Mercantilism
Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations
Considered the founder of classical economics
37. Laws of Economics 2 Natural Laws governed business:
1. The law of supply and demand
2. The law of competition
Price
Most efficient manufacturers will survive
38. People should be free to engage in whatever business they chose and run the business for their greatest advantage.
Free enterprise
Businesses should be unrestricted by laws, regulations or gov’t controls.
Free to do business solely for their own gain.
39. Thomas Malthus Population increases present the greatest obstacle to human progress.
Laissez-faire: govt should not meddle in operation of business – “let it be” or “leave things alone”
40. That’s Interesting (p. 561)
41. What do you think? Suggest your ideas for reforming specific “working” conditions here HHS.
42. Reforms Reforms are needed – but how do people know of bad situations?
Humanitarians, ministers, famous writers, artists…
Society is criticized for obsession with money and neglect of spiritual values
Need laws for working hours, wages, conditions, children’s advocates – child labor, education, orphans…
43. Parliament’s Actions Factory Act of 1802 – shortened hours and improved conditions for kids working in cotton mills
Factory Act of 1833 – extended the law to all textile mills
Laws prohibited employment of kids under 9 years old. Those 9 – 13 could work no more than 8 hours a day, 6 days a week. Older kids could work no more than 12 hours a day.
44. Ten Hours Act (1847): set 10 hour work day for women and kids under 18
Laws are OK – but – what if they are not enforced?
45. Unions Workers joining together to get action
Wages and working conditions
Worker’s association were illegal at first
Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 – could be imprisoned for such actions
Eventually unions and workers actions were allowed by Parliament
46. Socialism Some ideas emerged out of the uneven distribution of wealth
“The increasing wealth of the nation has had little or no tendency to better the conditions of the laboring poor”
Workers remain poor yet their work drove the economy
Ownership of means of production was seen as a way to more evenly distribute $$$$$
47. Socialism: political and economic system
Government owns the means of production and operate them for the good of all
Do away with profit motive and competition
Utopian Socialism?
Owen – paragraph #2 – p. 565
48. Karl Marx All great changes in history had come from changes in economic conditions.
The Communist Manifesto – 1848
“The history of all hitherto existing society is the story of class struggle.”
Primary Source – classes
Each stage of history involved inequality – those who owned property and those who did not
49. Owners (bourgeoisie) vs. worker (proletariat)
Labor only gets a small fraction of wealth it creates under capitalism
Proletariat would unite and seize power in socialist revolution
(The inmates running the jail)
50. Once people learned the benefits of working together cooperatively, the state would “wither away”
Each person would contribute what he or she could and receive what he or she needed
“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”
51. Marxist socialists often believed that violent revolution was required to get rid of capitalism. May be the only way to establish govts that owned means of production and controlled economic planning --- communism.
Democratic Socialism: develop gradually through education and democratic forms of government --- election of government officials
52. Chapter 23
53. Section 1 Advances in Technology and Communication
54. Inventions Name some of the inventions that you use the most in your life.
How would life be different without these inventions?
What would be most difficult to accomplish without these inventions?
55. Inventions “The telephone is a curious device….Of what use is such an invention?”
Soon had a great effect on how people lived, worked, and thought.
56. Inventions Created new products
Improved old products
Electricity: new power source
Dynamo: electric generator
Gave increased power to machines in factories – thus greater output could be achieved
One new source of power can lead to many important developments
57. Electricity Gave new power along streets, in homes and factories, etc
To make electricity practical, it had to be transmitted efficiently from where it was generated to where it would be used
Hydroelectric power – leads to dams being built
What next? An internal combustion engine?
58. Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi
Automobiles: Daimler, Benz, Ford, Lenoir, Duryea
Airplanes: Orville and Wilbur Wright – sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane – Kitty Hawk, NC
59. Section 2 Advance in science and medicine
The biological, physical, and medical sciences
The study of cells – a revolutionary idea?
60. An argument Creation vs. evolution – how big of an impact does this have on society?
Charles Darwin – On The Origin of Species
Those who survive will, in general, be those whose characteristics are best adapted to their environment.
Survival of the fittest or natural selection
61. Genetics Genetics: the study of how the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendants
Cloning and genetic engineering
Because of genetic engineering, Australian sheep grow more wool
Why do you think the idea of cloning humans is so controversial in the US today?
Technology might be abused, once created do you need to regulate how the tech is used?
What might the future application be?
62. Science Fiction The spirit of discovery in the scientific and industrial ages was reflected in this type of literature.
Jules Verne
H.G. Wells
63. The Fight Against Disease Prolonged human life
Until the late 1800s as many as 50% of all people born died within the first 5 years after birth
Little was known about the causes of death
Smallpox – cowpox – vaccine: In 1796 Edward Jenner developed a vaccine effective against smallpox
Louis Pasteur: discovered bacteria – showed they can travel in the air or through contact
64. Surgery Through the centuries, surgery has always been a last resort
It was always painful and often fatal
Just like today???
Ether and chloroform
Infections
Longer surgeries were now possible without the pain
65. Shrinking world Through the use of technology
International fight against disease
Trace illnesses – malaria, yellow fever, bubonic plague, importance of germs…
Invented and tested many new medicines – aspirin, insulin, penicillin, sulfa… WW2
X-rays
Building process
66. That InterestingIgnaz Semmelweis In the 1850s Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor, reduced the deaths from a certain type of fever in maternity wards in Vienna from 16% to 1% merely by insisting that surgeons wash their hands. Semmelweis, however, was driven out of the city by a jealous professor. Sent to an asylum, he died after a wound on his hand went untreated and became infected.
67. Section 3 Social Sciences in the Industrial Age
“The job of history is to show what actually happened…The strict presentation of the facts…is undoubtedly the supreme law.”
History is nothing more than a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.”
“The history of the world is but the biography of great men.”
68. Social sciences Those branches of knowledge that scientifically study people as members of society – economics, history, political sciences, and human relations
Objective and factual like science
Collecting and arranging statistics in order to test their theories
Systematic study of original materials
Study people as member of society
69. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Sociology It was in the 1800s that scientists began to learn how old the Earth was and how long humans had lived on the Earth
The study of similarities and differences among various societies
70. Survival of the Fittest “The individuals best adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper most, and the individuals least adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper least.”
Social Darwinism
Those who acquired wealth and power had done so because of their superior abilities. Poverty supposedly proved that people or groups were unfit.
71. Psychology A study of the mind and human behavior
Ivan Pavlov – conditioning – human actions are responses to outside stimuli and can be changed by training
Sigmund Freud – the unconscious as a determining factor in human behavior
Freud treated patients by identifying their unconscious fears or desires
Freud studied dreams
Freud founded modern psychiatry
72. Section 4 - Society and Culture in the Industrial Age As the population grew it became more mobile
Emigration: movements of people away from their native lands
Between 1870 – 1900 – more than 10 million people left Europe for the United States
Between 1892 – 1943 – approx 17 million ppl entered the United States at Ellis Island in New York
Why flee their homes? Poor economic conditions, oppression, discrimination,
73. Sanitation and Public Order Houses did not have running water
No sewers
Garbage in the streets
Foul smelling and unhealthy
Improvements: iron pipes, running water, flush toilets
Law enforcement
74. Diet and Food Storage Losing weight vs. healthy
Preserving and transporting food
Food/Health relationship becomes focus of some scientists
Life expectancy becomes increased
75. Jane Adams Comes from a wealthy or poor background?
Wanted to help the poor
Hull House (1889)
1931: Second woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize
76. Public Education Education was important for all citizens
Workers needed to read and write
State sponsored schools promote patriotism
Educated soldiers
Improve chances for a better life
Vocational and technical training
Different for men and women
77. Public Education People knew more about current issues and were better able to participate in government
Increased “publication industry”
78. Leisure Time Concerts, games, plays, sports – became professions
Bicycle industry
America’s game – Baseball
Music halls
Vaudeville
Museums
Libraries
79. Urban Planning Parks
Zoning
Emergency planning
Urban sprawl
80. Section 5 Literature, Music, and Art in the Industrial Age
81. Question Does art usually reflect or respond to social and economic conditions?
82. Romanticism Reacting against age of reason and science
Imagination and emotions
Life as it should be rather than how it was
Love for beauty and nature
The glories of the past
Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Wagner
83. Realism Photography and photojournalism start down the road to realism
Tolstoy and Dickens
Impressionism: Impression of people and places
Monet and Renoir
84. Time for a Test!!! Questions???