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Visual Encoding

Visual Encoding. Andrew Chan CPSC 533C January 20, 2003. Overview. What is a visual encoding? How can it amplify our cognition? How do we map data into a visual form? What kinds of information visualization exist?. Visual Encoding Defined.

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Visual Encoding

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  1. Visual Encoding Andrew Chan CPSC 533C January 20, 2003

  2. Overview • What is a visual encoding? • How can it amplify our cognition? • How do we map data into a visual form? • What kinds of information visualization exist?

  3. Visual Encoding Defined • “Visual encoding is the mapping of information to display elements” • Tamara Munzner, Ph.D. dissertation http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/munzner_thesis/

  4. “. . . [H]uman intelligence is highly flexible and adaptive, superb at inventing procedures and objects that overcome its own limits. The real powers come from devising external aids that enhance cognitive abilities.

  5. “How have we increased memory, thought, and reasoning? By the invention of external aids: It is things that make us smart.” - Don Norman

  6. Amplifying Cognition • Increased resources • Reduced search • Enhanced recognition of patterns • Perceptual inference • Perceptual monitoring • Manipulable medium

  7. Poor Encodings ... • May reduce task performance • May make information hard to find http://www.research.ibm.com/dx/proceedings/pravda/truevis.htm

  8. Or worse ... • The Challenger shuttle disaster was linked to a misunderstood diagram

  9. Knowledge Crystallization • The general process used when people have a task to complete

  10. Infovis at Different Levels • Infosphere • Information workspace • Visual knowledge tools • Visual objects

  11. Looking for Benefits • A Cost of Knowledge Characteristic Function maps the cost of an operation to the benefit of doing it • An effective function should reduce the cost / increase the benefit

  12. Mapping Data to Visual Form

  13. Raw Data • Usually represented as a relation or set of relations to give it some structure • A relation is a set of tuples in the form: <valueix, valueiy>, <valuejx, valuejy> ...

  14. Data Tables • Contain data and metadata

  15. Note: Dimensionality can have different meanings: • number of input variables • number of output variables • number of input and output variables • number of spatial dimensions in data

  16. Data Transformations • Four types of data transformations: • Values to derived values • Structure to derived structure • Values to derived structure • Structure to derived values

  17. Visual Structures • Basic building blocks include: • Position • Marks • Connections • Enclosure • Retinal properties • Temporal encoding

  18. Position • Fundamental aspect of visual structure • Four possible axes: unstructured, nominal, ordinal, quantitative • Techniques to maximize its use: • Composition • Alignment • Folding • Recursion • Overloading

  19. Marks • Four types: • points • lines • areas • volumes

  20. Connections and Enclosure • Connections show a relationship between objects • Enclosure can also indicate related objects

  21. Retinal Properties • Include colour, size, texture, shape, orientation

  22. Temporal Encoding • Humans are very sensitive to changes in mark position and their retinal properties • Data shown may or may not be time-based

  23. View Transformations • Make a static presentation interactive • Three common transformations: • Location probes • Viewport controls • Distortions

  24. Infovis Examples

  25. Scientific Visualization

  26. GIS

  27. Multi-Dimensional Scattergraphs

  28. Worlds-Within-Worlds

  29. Multi-Dimensional Tables

  30. Information Landscapes

  31. Node and Link Diagrams

  32. Trees

  33. Special Data Transforms

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