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States of Matter

States of Matter. The physical forms in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas or plasma What are particles of matter?? Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. They are so small that we cannot even see them.

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States of Matter

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  1. States of Matter • The physical forms in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas or plasma • What are particles of matter?? • Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. They are so small that we cannot even see them. • These particles, atoms, are constantly in motion and bumping into each other. How atoms interact with each other helps us to classify which state of matter a substance is in.

  2. Solids • Solids have a definite shape and volume • The particles in a solid are very close together and cannot move much. They can only vibrate in place. • There are 2 types of solids: • Crystalline: particles are in a very orderly 3-D arrangement. They have repeating patterns in rows. Ex: iron and diamond • Amorphous: particles have no special arrangement. Ex: glass, rubber and wax

  3. Liquids • A liquids shape changes to fit the container but it has a definite volume. • The particles are not packed as tightly as they are in a solid. They can move around and slide past each other allowing the liquid to take the shape of the container. • Surface Tension: the force at the surface of a liquid that sometimes causes it to fall in drops. • Viscosity: a liquids resistance to flow • Maple syrup has a high viscosity

  4. Gases • Gases have no definite shape or volume • The particles in a gas move quickly and can even break away from each other. • There is much less attraction between the particles in a solid. The space between the particles is constantly changing to fill up all available space.

  5. Plasma – the 4th state of matter • A hot ionized (charged) gas • Because the particles are so energetic the negative and positive parts of the atom begin to separate causing charged areas in this super heated gas • Strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields. • Found in stars, the sun, lightning and neon signs

  6. Change of State Notes • When a substance changes from one form to another. ****In order for a substance to change state, we must ADD or REMOVE energy. In most cases, energy takes the form of heat.

  7. Melting: Solid  Liquid • This occurs when you ADD energy or INCREASE the temperature. • As the temperature increases the particles move faster. • At a certain point, called the MELTING POINT, the solid melts. • Melting is ENDOTHERMIC because energy is gained in the form of heat by the substance.

  8. Freezing: Liquid  Solid • This is the reverse of melting. • We must REMOVE heat or LOWER temperature for this to happen. • Freezing is EXOTHERMIC because you are removing energy from the substance.

  9. Evaporation: Liquid  Gas • Occurs when a liquid reaches its BOILING POINT. • This process occurs at the surface of a liquid that has reached it boiling point. • Is this process endothermic or exothermic? • Endothermic – energy is added • **Boiling point and melting point are the same regardless of the amount of substance**

  10. Condensation: Gas  Liquid • This is the opposite of evaporation. • The CONDENSATION POINT is the point when gas turns to liquid. • Is the process endothermic or exothermic? • Exothermic – energy is removed

  11. Sublimation: Solid  Gas • The attraction between particles must be completely overcome so that they go from tightly packed to far apart. • Endothermic or Exothermic? • Endothermic – energy is added

  12. Change of State vs. Change in Temperature • When a substance gains or loses energy it must either change temperature or change state. • As the temperature changes the particles change their speed equally. • HOWEVER: The temperature of a substance does not actually change until the change of state is complete.

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