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Urinary System

Explore the vital functions, intricate structures, and health considerations of the urinary system. Learn about the kidneys, nephrons, urine formation, kidney stones, bladder function, urinary tract infections, and more.

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Urinary System

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  1. Urinary System Chapter 18

  2. Function • Removes organic wastes • Regulating blood volume and blood pressure • Electrolyte regulation • pH • Homeostasis

  3. Organization of the Urinary System • 2 Kidneys • 2 ureters • 1 bladder • 1 urethra (~1 inch for a girl and ~7-8 inches in a guy)

  4. Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal capsule Renal pyramids Renal columns Major/minor calyx Kidney Structures

  5. Blood Supply • Renal Artery • Afferent arteriole • Glomerulus • Efferent arteriole • Peritubular capillaries • Venules • Renal vein

  6. Functioning Unit • Nephron • 1.25 million per kidney • 85 miles

  7. Parts of a nephron • Bowman’s Capsule • Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Descending Loop of Henle • Ascending Loop of Henle • Distal Convoluted Tubule • Collecting Duct

  8. Cortex Medulla

  9. Filtrate • Normal BP forces ions, water, urea, glucose and other organic substances into the Bowman’s capsule • This is the filtrate • It shouldn’t contain blood, bacteria or high amounts of glucose

  10. Nephron Function • Reabsorb useful organic molecules from the filtrate • Reabsorbing 90% of the water • Additional collection of waste products missed by filtration

  11. Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Water and solutes reabsorbed into cortex

  12. Loop of Henle • Water and NaCl are absorbed into cortex and medulla

  13. Distal Convoluted Tubule • Ions, acids, drugs and toxins from cortex are added to the filtrate • Variable loss or gain of water and solutes due to concentrations

  14. Collecting Duct • Variable loss/gain of water, solutes and urea • What’s left goes to a minor calyx of the renal pelvis

  15. Peritubular Capillaries • Surround nephron • Return needed water and substances to the bloodstream

  16. Urea • A safe way to transport nitrogenous wastes in the body • Created by liver • Most abundant organic waste (21 grams a day)

  17. Creatinine • Organic waste produced by muscle contraction due to the break down of creatinine phosphate • 1.8 grams a day

  18. Glomerular Filtration Rate • GFR • 125ml/minute • 180 Liters or 50 gallons/day • 99% is reabsorbed

  19. Properties of Normal Urine • pH ~ 6.0 • Water content 93-97% • Color = clear  yellow • Odor = depends on composition • Bacterial content = sterile • Volume = 700 – 2000 ml/day

  20. Regulation of Kidney Function • Arterioles adjust to variations in BP • Can be shut down by the sympathetic NS • Dilation of BV near skin shunts blood away from kidneys (temporary) • Hormonal control

  21. Hormones • Antidiuretic Hormone = (ADH) collecting duct reabsorbs as much water as possible and triggers thirst (post. Pituitary) • Aldosterone = Collecting duct absorbs as much salt as possible (helps maintain BP) (adrenal)

  22. Ureters • Can close at bladder preventing backflow • Use peristalsis

  23. Kidney Stones • Made of Ca oxalate deposits, Mg salts, uric acid crystals • Can be the most painful ailment • Can be found in ureter or bladder too

  24. Bladder • A full bladder can hold up to a liter of fluid • Attached to pelvis • Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)

  25. Urethra • External urethral sphincter allows you to control urination (voluntary, after ~2 yrs)

  26. Micturition Reflex • That gotta go feelin’ • Due to a full bladder

  27. Incontinence • Inability to control urination • Babies (Until 2 years old) • Trauma (childbirth, automobile accident), weak muscles = cough/sneeze = leaking • Damage to the CNS (Alzheimer’s, Damage to spinal cord)

  28. Catheter

  29. UTI • Urinary Tract Infection • Caused by bacteria or yeast • E. coli is most common • Female anatomy makes them more susceptible • Blood and bacteria can be found in urine • Can back up into renal pelvis

  30. Cranberry Juice???? • D – mannose from cranberry juice prevent E. coli from attaching to bladder wall

  31. Renal Failure • When kidney function drops below requirements for homeostasis • Acute = happens quickly (blockage, trauma, etc) • Chronic = gradual deterioration (disease, EX: diabetes mellitus)

  32. Glomerulonephritis (reduced size and granular surface

  33. Kidney Cancer

  34. Tx • Diet (restricted salt/ water/protein intake) • Dialysis • Kidney Transplant

  35. Dialysis Dialysis Animation Dialysis Procedure

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