Funding City Services

1. Funding City Services Understanding Taxes

2. Purposes for Government • A primary reason to organize ourselves as cities is to foster a sense of community and belonging • Most goals around which we form governments are to provide benefits that are difficult to achieve as individuals or through private businesses • Who would build our roads, raise our armies, or provide our parks if we did not collectively do it? • It is important to assure that government activities add to the greater public good and are balanced to serve major needs of all segments of society within our ability to pay

3. Municipal Services • Municipalities rarely engage in some activities, such as welfare, education, and building highways, because they are the responsibility of other entities. • Towns and cities provide many of the remaining services, including most of the services that directly affect our daily lives. • Public Safety • Police • Fire • Ambulance • Water, sewer, trash • Streets, sidewalks • Parks and recreation • Libraries, culture • City planning • Economic development

4. The Average Utah Household Pays About $600 in Municipal Taxes Annually

5. Taxes • We HAVE to pay for government services, and we mostly do so through taxes • We pay taxes whether or not we want/use the services they fund • The degree to which we think government ought to provide more/fewer services is a primary reason for voter choices • Cities can bond (borrow) to pay for infrastructure improvements, but must budget repayment, and must have a balanced budget

6. Taxes • Only the federal government can spend more than it collects in taxes, creating debt that must be paid by future citizens • The national debt is now about $11,308,127,000,000 – each US citizen owes about $37,000 • This figure is up 10% in just the last 6 months, and is scheduled to rise by another 15-20% with planned federal stimulus expenditures this year $11,308,127,000,000

7. The Price of Local Government – Average for Utah Cities

8. Price of Local Government – Average for State Plus Cities

9. Price of Municipal Government – by State for the Western Region

10. Price of State Government – for the Western Region

11. Comparing Government Across Locals Be careful about making comparisons • Circumstances differ across locals: • The primary reason Utah has somewhat higher state taxes is a much larger than average birth rate. Aside from much higher than average costs for public education, Utah governmental costs are below average. In fact, our per-student expenditures are among the lowest in the nation. • Differences also arise because of choices about adequacy, affordability, and competitiveness. • Cities try to provide what their citizens want and are willing to pay for

12. Where Does Your Tax Dollar Go?Utah Averages

13. Common Tax Misconception • The rich don’t pay much in taxes • Fact: The top-earning 25% of taxpayers (AGI over $64,702) earned 68.2% of the nation's income, but paid 86.3% of federal income tax. The top 1% of taxpayers (AGI over $388,806) earned approximately 22.1% of the nation's income, yet paid 39.9% of federal income taxes. That means the top 1% of tax returns paid about the same amount of federal individual income taxes as the bottom 95% of tax returns. In contrast, the bottom 50% of all taxpayers averaged $450 tax per person (many of these don’t pay any).

14. Common Utah Tax Misconceptions • Fallacy: 24% of surveyed citizens believe cities receive income tax revenue • Fact: Cities don’t collect income tax; in Utah all state income tax goes to public education • Fallacy: 40% believe the state receives property tax revenue • Fact: Depending upon the locale, about 55% of this tax goes to the local school district, 20% to the county, 15% to city

15. Your Tax Responsibility • Typical adults pay about 25% - 40% of their income into taxes of all types, depending on their income • Because income taxes are highly progressive, your burden for this type of tax depends on your income • Lower income people pay very little (or no) Federal Income Tax • This means that when candidates talk on and on about tax breaks for the poor, they aren’t saying much—In fact, sometimes what they really mean is wealth redistribution (tax the rich more to give to poor through government programs)

16. Average Tax Burden • In 2008, average Americans worked 74 days to pay their federal taxes and 39 more days to pay state and local taxes. • Careful about “average”—remember that lower income persons might pay off their entire federal income tax in 1 week of work or less • This means that an average American taxpayer pays 31% of annual income for all forms of taxation • Utah places about 20th among the states for tax burden (due to lots of kids and costs of educating them—without the extra burden of education, the ranking would be much lower)

17. Most Common Forms of Taxation • Federal and state income tax • Usually regarded as most progressive (rich pay more) • Ad valorem taxes (sales tax, tariffs, inheritance) • Sales tax is usually regarded as most regressive (rich pay more because they buy more, but poor pay proportionally more of their income) • Entitlements taxes (Social Security, Medicare) • Property tax • Corporate and excise taxes • Often regarded as hidden taxes because the entities taxed pass on the cost to the consumer

18. Federal Income TaxIt’s Actually Pretty Low Right Now* *In recent years, the rate is starting to rise back up

19. We Love to Complain About Taxes • In fact, the federal tax for most people was recently at its lowest rate in decades, although creeping back up in the last few years

20. *A little over half of debt is for past defense spending Note: Remember that this is just income tax. The Federal budget includes other sources of income spent elsewhere, most notably Social Security and Medicare

21. Average Household Tax BurdenFor a Typical Household Income of $40,000

22. Typical Tax BurdenBased on family of five, income of $62,677 *For this family, taxes represent about 25% of total income

23. The Federal Budget May Be in Trouble • Whereas Federal tax rates are pretty stable, spending is growing rapidly • Entitlement programs are unsustainable without major tax increases • Huge debt will hamper our ability to solve our problems • Fortunately, our state and local governments are in much better shape, mostly because of cost containment and avoidance of entitlements

24. 2007 Federal BudgetExpenditures & Revenues (deficit of $162 billion; will be in the trillions for 2009)

25. Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid as % of Federal Budget

26. Mandatory Spending is Consuming a Growing Share of the Federal Budget

27. Change in Composition of Discretionary Spending

28. An Aging Population • American are living longer and having fewer children • Thus, fewer workers are available to support each Social Security recipient

29. Health Care Costs are Rising Much Faster than the Economy

30. Economic Trends that Challenge Municipal Taxation Sources • Our high birth rate and increasing longevity mean increased reliance on wage earners to support the young and old • Our movement towards a service-based economy means a growing proportion of our economy is exempt from municipal taxation • E-commerce generates no municipal taxation, and other technology reduces the need for real property (e.g., factories)

31. Utah Tax Trends – Comparing across Two Years 2005 • $9 billion total State budget • $1.4 billion total municipal revenue (2004) • 18% of state budget dedicated to Medicaid • $1.6 billion State Medicaid expenditures • Income tax burden: $32 per $1,000 of personal income • Property tax burden: $25 per $1,000 of personal income • Sales tax burden: $35 per $1,000 of personal income 1985 • $2.5 billion total State budget • $714 million total municipal revenue (1990) • 7.7% of state budget dedicated to Medicaid • $144 million state Medicaid expenditures • Income tax burden: $25 per $1,000 of personal income • Property tax burden: $36 per $1,000 of personal income • Sales tax burden: $39 per $1,000 of personal income

32. Municipal Summary • Although federal budgets face extreme challenges, municipal budgets have been relatively stable • However, the status quo is threatened for municipalities because (a) they have limited control over their own ability to maintain current taxation levels and (b) other government entities have overcommitted or postponed meeting their needs • In the last major tax overhaul (over 30 years ago), Utah developed a municipal tax structure where property taxes would mostly pay for all operating expenses and sales/use taxes would pay for capital improvements.

33. Five Principles of Sound Tax Policy • Simple – clear and easy to administer • Fair – depends heavily on one’s perspective • Efficient – generates adequate revenue with low administrative cost • Stable – predictable revenue • Transparent – open to citizens with rational ties to services provided

34. Surveys of Utah Citizens Fact: In Utah, property taxes are a major source of funding for counties, cities, and schools only.

35. Surveys of Utah Citizens

36. Utah’s Property Tax Burden

37. Understanding Property Tax • The county places a valuation on real property (homes, business, land) • The taxing entities (cities, counties, schools) set a tax rate • The tax is calculated by multiplying the assessed value by the tax rate (reduced by 45% for homes) • Lindon’s tax rate is currently .001296 • A home valued at $300,000 would have city property tax of $214 • In Lindon, about 13% of your property tax is for the city, 72% for the school district, and 15% for the county

38. Understanding Property Tax • An increase in the assessed value of a home does not mean property tax goes up • As assessed values go up, the tax rate goes down so that the same dollar amount of tax is assessed • A taxing entity must hold a “Truth in Taxation” hearing to adjust the tax rate • Because of inflation, the value of property taxes collected will steadily decline unless to taxing entity holds a hearing and raises the tax rate. • Lindon has not increased the tax rate for as long as we have records, so homeowners now have a much lower tax rate than they did years ago

39. Understanding Property Tax • As compared to other cities in Utah County, Lindon’s property tax rate is one of the lowest • Over just the last 10 years, the contribution of property tax to Lindon’s revenue has declined from 38% in 1998 to just 18% in 2007 • Over time, the most stable source of municipal revenue will decline unless the city acts • Contrary to the intent of the state tax plan for municipalities, Lindon must now heavily subsidize its general operations from the sales tax

40. Lindon’s Property Tax Rate1988 to 2008

41. Lindon Tax Revenues, 1998 v. 2008

42. Property Taxes Failing to Keep Up with Rising Population

43. Utah’s Sales Tax Burden Utah’s ranking is now higher due to recent reduction in our tax on food and tax increases in other states

44. Sales Tax in Lindon • The sales tax in Lindon is 6.75% • 1% of this, goes to cities, 4.7% goes to the state, .25% goes to the county, and the rest goes to county transportation funds • The 1% city portion is allocated in two ways: • Half goes to the city where the tax was generated • Half goes into a general fund that is distributed to all cities in the state based on population • Because of this distribution formula, only about 60% of the municipal portion sales taxes generated in Lindon comes back to Lindon City

45. A Balanced Municipal Tax Portfolio • The recent economic downturn exposes the folly of becoming too dependent on sales tax from a period of economic boom • For the first quarter of 2009, Utah’s sales tax is down over 11%, 8th worst in the nation • Lindon’s sales tax decline is a bit worse than this state average • Good tax policy includes a variety of revenue sources, including the stability of property taxes and the growth ability of sales taxes

46. Lindon City Budget • For more information: • Attend Lindon City budget hearings held each June, • Request budget information from out City Treasurer, or • Look for detailed budget information to appear on-line soon