EMISSIONEN Modul Luftchemie 15.01.2010 Andreas Kerschbaumer

1. EMISSIONENModul Luftchemie 15.01.2010 Andreas Kerschbaumer

2. Gliederung • Anthropogene und biogene Emissionen • Anthropogene Emissionen: • Quellen - Einteilung in SNAP level 1 • Spezies • Biogene Emissionen • Landnutzungsdatenbasis • Wind-blown-Dust • Seesalz • Biogene Spezies (VOC, NO, SO2 …) • Beispiele

3. Warum braucht man Emissionskataster? • Beschreibung von zeitlichen Entwicklungen in Emissionsmengen (Vergangenheit, Heute, Zukunft) • Identifizierung von Trends (um gegebenenfalls eingreifen zu können) • Identifizierung der (relativen) Bedeutung von Quellen • Abschätzung von Emissionsminderungen durch politische, technische … Maßnahmen • Weitere Minderungspotenziale bei bestimmten Quellen (Kostenfrage) • Eingangswerte für Ausbreitungsrechnungen

4. Modellhafte Darstellung der Luftverunreinigung

5. Kausalität: Luftverunreinigung Policy (e.g., regulation of emissions, filters, new technologies Causes (economic growth, increasing mobility) Responses Driving forces Responses Driving forces PM10, NOx, …… Pressures Pressures Impact Emissions of pollutants e.g. health, ecosystems State

6. Emissionsquellen

7. Emissionsquellen • Unterscheidung zwischen Punktquellen und diffusen Quellen • Punktquellen geographisch eindeutig zuordenbar • Emissionsstärke einfacher abzuschätzen • Diffuse Quellen sind schwierig zu messen, zu quantifizieren und zu kontrollieren • BEISPIEL: Feinstaub • Feinstaub aus Punktquellen: • Schlot: Ort, Höhe und Überhöhung mess- bzw. abschätzbar • Produktion und Verbrennungsprozesse bekannt • Feinstaub aus diffusen Quellen: • Produktion unter freiem Himmel • Transport

8. Emissionsquellen http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4 “SNAP” Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution

9. Emissionsspezies: • Main pollutants (gaseous) • CO • NH3 • NMVOC • NOx • SOx • Heavy Metalls • As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn • POP (persistent organic pollutants) • PAH, benzo(a), benzo(b) … • PM (particulate matter) • PM10, PM2.5, TSP

10. Emissions Technology level By source • Technology_ID • By country /grid • Description Activities Emission Factors • Activity_ID • EF_ID • Sector • Technology_ID • Location • TSP PM10 PM2.5 • Time • EF-Value • AR-Value Example of TNO project:COORDINATED EUROPEAN PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION INVENTORY PROGRAM (CEPMEIP) Covers all known anthropogenic emission causes of primary particulate matter; ~ 200 source categories - For each source category TSP, PM10 & PM2.5 emission factors derived. Emission factor : Representative index number that expresses the emission of a pollutant per unit of activity (e.g., g PM10 / GJ fuel) Emission is highly determined by emission control measures – technology level information is crucial!

11. But…in underlying inventory much detail is necessary! Example combustion in industry: Installation types (influence on emissions due to emission limits, removal efficiencies, Emission control technologies) • Autoproducers (> 50 MWth) • Other large boilers (50 - 300 MWth) • Large and small furnaces where combustion gases and proces emissions are emitted through the same stack (covered by Industrial process emissions, 10 - 300 MWth) • Small Boilers (< 50 MWth) Fuels (influence on emissions due to quality and composition): • Heavy fuel oil • Lighter fuel oil • Gas • Coal, brown coal, peat • Wood • Industrial waste

12. Emissionserhebung: ResultatBeispiel anthropogene PM10

13. Emissionserhebung: Resultat Beispiel anthropogene PM2.5 – Bezugsjahr 2000

14. Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - I The main emission sources of SO2 are combustion processes, especially the combustion of coal and heavy fuel oil. In addition there are non-ferrous metals smelting processes of which the ores are generally in sulphide form. • Activity data for fossil fuel combustion are taken from the IEA Energy Statistics [IEA 2003]. The IEA distinguishes several coal ranks and heavy and medium distillate fuel oils, as well as different types of lighter fuels and gasses. • Emission factors - Combustion related SO2 emission by fuel type i and process j is calculated according to: • Emissionfuel(i) = [Usefuel(i) x Sulphur contentfuel(i) - Sulphur retentionprocess(j)] x Removal efficiencyprocess(j) • Values per country, by fuel type and by process for sulphur contents, sulphur retention in ashes and removal efficiencies have been taken from RAINS 7.2. [Cofala et al. 1998].

15. Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - II

16. Trends…. • Importance of sources shifts over time! • What is <10% today may dominate emissions in the future. Past Present

20. Road transport (Quelle: TNO) • Large activity growth • Decreasing tail pipe emissions due to technological improvements • None-tail pipe emissions (wear of tires etc.) follow the trend of acticity growth • Relative importance of non-tail pipe is increasing To make an inventory of road transport emissions we need to know: • Activity data – fuel consumption (by type: diesel, gasoline, LPG) by vehicle category (passenger cars, HDV, LDV, motorcycles) • fuel quality / composition (S content, Pb, ..) • technology level of fleet by year (emission limits, requirements) • Split in number of km driven urban / rural

21. Select_Techn • Activity_ID • Technology_ID Technologies • Penetration • Technology_ID • Description Activities EmissionFactors • Activity_ID • EF_ID TNO Emissions Assessment Model TEAM • Sector • Technology_ID • Location • Pollutant • Time • EF-Value • AR-Value Emission inventories for AQ Teheran – what is needed? • Tables of the relational TEAM database need to be filled – asking for • activity (statistical) data on energy consumption, industrial production,….. • technologies present in Iran and their relative importance (penetration); • technology specific emission factors.

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24. Jahressummen für viele Spezies und Quellen!!!! • Und nun????

25. Time- and temperature factors!!!!

26. Time- and temperature factors!!!!

27. Time- and temperature factors!!!!

28. Time- and temperature factors!!!!

29. Time- and temperature factors!!!!

30. VOC – Splitting !!!!

31. Biogene Emissionen - Waldbrände

32. Biogene Emissionen – Blitze (NOx)

33. Biogene Emissionen – Vulkane (SO2 – SO4)

34. Biogene Emissionen - Seesalz

35. Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)

36. Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)

37. Biogene Emissionen

38. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

39. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

40. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

41. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

42. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

43. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

44. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust

45. Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust in Modellen (Beispiel RCG)

46. Biogene VOC aus Wäldern • Biogenic emissions are important for Ozone production • 60-70% of secondary aerosols are of biogenic origin • Biogenic aerosol formation is not well understood • Quantify the impact of biogenic emission information on simulations

47. Biogene VOC aus Wäldern

48. Biogene VOC aus Wäldern

49. Biogene VOC aus Wäldern

50. Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit!