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Chapter 2 – Weather factors

Chapter 2 – Weather factors. 2.1 Energy in the Atmosphere. Think about it…. Where does the energy of our Earth come from?. Electromagnetic Radiation. Nearly all of the energy in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the sun Energy travels as electromagnetic waves.

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Chapter 2 – Weather factors

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  1. Chapter 2 – Weather factors 2.1 Energy in the Atmosphere

  2. Think about it… • Where does the energy of our Earth come from?

  3. Electromagnetic Radiation • Nearly all of the energy in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the sun • Energy travels as electromagnetic waves. • Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space. • Electromagnetic waves are classified by their wavelengths

  4. Electromagnetic Radiation • The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called radiation. • Most energy from the sun reaches the Earth in the form of infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation.

  5. Wavelengths

  6. Analyze the picture …take 1 minute and discuss with a partner… • Why do we see different colors? • How do color and wavelength compare? • Which colors have the shortest wavelengths?

  7. Which colors have the longest wavelengths? • What type of radiation has wavelengths that are shorter than visible light? Longer?

  8. Were you right? • Why do we see different colors? Because of different wavelengths • How do color and wavelength compare? Short and long wavelengths result in different colors • Which colors have the shortest wavelengths? Blue and Violet • Which colors have the longest wavelengths? Red and orange • What type of radiation has wavelengths that are shorter than visible light? Longer? Ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and gamma rays / infrared radiation and radio waves

  9. Visible Light: ROY G BIV • Infrared Radiation – wavelengths are longer than red light. • The color of visible light with the longest wavelength is Red. • The color of visible light with the shortest wavelength is Blue. • Ultra-violet Radiation – wavelengths are shorter than violet light

  10. Think about it… • What role does our atmosphere play in the ability of energy to reach our Earth?

  11. Energy • Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide absorb some infrared radiation • Some of the sun’s rays are reflectedby clouds, dust, and molecules of gases called scattering. • Gas molecules scatter short wavelengths of blue and violet more than red and orange making the daytime sky look blue.

  12. Energy • The ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation • Green house effect- natural process by which gas holds heat in the air. • Gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases that form a blanket around earth. • Some energy reaches the surface and warms the land and water

  13. Energy in the atmosphere

  14. What are your thoughts? • What might conditions on Earth be like without the Greenhouse effect?

  15. Chapter 2 – Weather factors 2.2 Heat Transfer

  16. Energy and Temperature • Thermal energy is the total energy of MOTION of the molecules in a substance. • Temperature is an average amount of energy of motion of the molecules in a substance.

  17. Hot = fast moving moleculesCold = slow moving molecules

  18. Measuring Temperature • Thermometers are used to measure temperature • Liquids expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled • Temperature is measured in units called degrees. (Celsius or Fahrenheit) • Water freezes at 0ºC and boils at 100ºC

  19. How Heat is Transferred • Heat is the energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one.

  20. Heat is transferred 3 ways • Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. ex) feeling the warmth of the fire on your skin

  21. Heat is transferred 3 ways • Conduction is the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance ( must be touching)

  22. Heat is transferred 3 ways • Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid. ex) heating up soup in a pan.

  23. Heat Transfer in the Troposphere

  24. A comparison…

  25. Chapter 2 - Weather factors 2.3 Winds

  26. What Causes Winds? • Wind is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. • All winds are caused by differences in air pressure. • Differences in air pressure are caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere.

  27. Measuring Wind • Wind vanes are used to determine wind direction. • The name of a wind tells you where the wind is coming from. • Anemometers are used to measure wind speed. • Wind over your skin removes body heat. • The increased cooling that a wind can cause is called • the wind- chill factor.

  28. Local Winds • Winds that blow over short distances. • Caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area. • Usually occurs near a body of water.

  29. Local Winds • Land heats up faster during the day, warming the air above it. Warm air expands and rises, creating a low-pressure area. Cool air blows inland from the water toreplace the warm air.

  30. Local Winds • sea breeze – a wind that blows FROM an ocean or a lake onto land • land breeze – the flow of air FROM land to a body of water

  31. Monsoons • Sea and land breezes over a large region that change direction with the seasons

  32. Global Winds • Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over large distances. • Caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface. (equator vs. poles) • Global Convection Currents cause wind at Earth’s surface to blow from the poles to the equator. • Higher in the atmosphere, air flows away from the equator and toward the poles.

  33. Global Winds • The movement of air between the equator and the poles produces global winds. • Coriolis Effect – winds do not blow in straight lines because the Earth is spinning underneath them. This causes the winds to curve. • In the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE – the Coriolis Effect causes our wind to turn towards the right. It is the opposite in the southern hemisphere.

  34. Jet Stream • Bands of high-speed wind about 10km above Earth’s surface. • They blow from west to east at about 200-400 km per hour

  35. Global Wind Belts • DOLDRUMS: • Caused by rapid warming of air • near the equator • air is almost always warm so there are little to no winds

  36. Global Wind Belts • HORSE LATITUDES: • Caused when air from equator stops moving towards poles and sinks • Latitude is the distance from the equator, measured in degrees • 30º north and south latitudes, Calm air

  37. Global Wind Belts • TRADE WINDS: • Caused when cold air over the horse latitudes sinks and produces a high pressure region • Blow towards the equator from about 30º north and south

  38. Global Wind Belts • PREVAILING WESTERLIES: Caused when winds that blow toward the poles are turned toward the east by the Coriolis effect. • Between 30º and 60º north and south latitudes. • Blow FROM West to East • They play an important role in the United State’s weather

  39. Global Wind Belts • POLAR EASTERLIES: • Caused when cold air near the poles sinks and flows back toward lower latitudes • They meet the prevailing westerlies at about 60º north and south latitudes at the Polar Front. • The polar front has a major effect on weather changes in the US.

  40. Chapter 2 • 2.4 Water in the Atmosphere

  41. Water cycle- movement of water between the atmosphere and earth’s surface

  42. 2-4 Water in the Atmosphere • Evaporation – the process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor.

  43. Humidity • Humidity – a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. • Relative Humidity – the percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air could hold. • Used on weather reports!

  44. Measuring Relative Humidity • Relative humidity can be measured using a psychrometer. • A psychrometer has two thermometers, a wet bulb and a dry bulb. • The wet bulb is covered with a damp fabric. • Evaporation cools the wet bulb. • Relative humidity can be found by comparing the temperature of the wet and dry bulb thermometers.

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