Double R Ontology and Gold Standard April 2008

1. Double R Ontologyand Gold Standard April 2008 Jerry Ball Senior Research Psychologist Human Effectiveness Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

2. Ontology Basics The basic representational unit is an ACT-R declarative memory chunk which contains: Chunk name Chunk type Sequence of slot name/slot value pairs Slot values are chunks Chunks are defined by a chunk-type definition Chunk-types are organized into a single inheritance hierarchy ACT-R does not provide built-in support for multiple inheritance

3. Tree Diagram Displays Tree diagrams are generated using phpSyntaxTree (and may have been reorganized using Paint) Tree diagrams contain nodes corresponding to chunks and slots Leaf nodes are red Slots are always leaf nodes Non-leaf nodes are blue

4. The model currently allows word chunks with up to 4 sequential elements to support representing Multi-Word Expressions (MWEs), although most lexical items are currently single element words It is not intended that word chunks can have variable elements, only construction chunks have variable elements Word Chunk Type

8. There are two basic types of construction Construction with head Construction without head Parts of speech are treated as constructions without heads (i.e. the part of speech has no internal functional structure) Words are not treated as constructions, although they may have multiple non-functional elements All other ontological types are constructions with heads, with the head being the central functional element of the construction and other slots corresponding to peripheral functional elements Construction Chunk Type

9. Constructions with heads contain a head slot Part of speech chunks contain a word slot and a gram-form slot (e.g comm-sing, comm-plur) The super-type, type and subtype slots allow for a secondary level of inheritance e.g. nouns and verbs may be categorized semantically as well as grammatically using these slots ACT-R does not provide built-in support for multiple inheritance The form slot stores the basic form for the construction � typically the form of the head Construction Chunk Type

11. Verbs are organized hierarchically in terms of the number and type of complements (or arguments) they take, including Object Indirect object Location argument Situation complement Bare situation complement Ing situation complement Infinitive situation complement The Verb POS chunk does not contain slots for the complements, it just indicates the verb type Verb POS Chunk Type

13. Verb POS Chunks

15. POS Chunk Type Hierarchy(Non Regular Verb)

35. Infinitive Marker or Preposition The special case of �to� Possessive Marker or Auxiliary The special case of ��s� Conjunction POS Used generally to encompass words which function to conjoin and disjoin (e.g. �and� and �or�) and words which function in clausal subordination not involving situation complements (e.g. �if�then�, �because�, �so�, but not �that� as a complementizer which is a form of specification) POS Chunk Type Hierarchy(Special)

36. Phrase & Clause Level Functions The basic phrase and clause level referential functions (ref-type) include Specifier Head A specifier and a head combine to form a referring expression � the basic phrasal and clausal unit of meaning Either a specifier or a head�typically both�occurs in a referring expression Modifiers (pre-head) and Post-Modifiers (post-head) may surround the head (slot) of specifiers and heads

45. Referring expressions are the basic phrasal and clausal units of grammatically encoded meaning All complements are assumed to be referring expressions Referring expressions have a referent and sense slot which will eventually map to non-linguistic representations of meaning Referring expressions have a bind-indx slot which allows them to be bound to another referring expression A trace is an implied (i.e. unexpressed) argument that is bound to another referring expression Wh-word referring expressions crosscut other categories of referring expression Referring Expression

46. Object referring expressions are the basic phrasal unit of grammatically encoded meaning (along with oblique referring expressions) Object referring expressions correspond to nominals or NPs in other grammatical treatments (not including Huddleston & Pullum which treats nominals as N� and not NP) Object referring expressions have an animate slot (to support binding) with possible values human, animate, inanimate �who�, �whom� and �what� referring expressions crosscut object referring expressions Object Referring Expression

47. Oblique referring expressions are the basic phrasal unit of grammatically encoded meaning (along with object referring expressions) Oblique (borrowed from LFG) referring expressions correspond roughly to Prepositional Phrases and Adverbials in other grammatical treatments Other than object or situation referring expression Location referring expressions generalize over time referring expressions (i.e. time is a subtype of location) �where�, �when�, �why� and �how� referring expressions crosscut oblique referring expressions Oblique Referring Expression

51. Instantiated chunks or constructions result from the processing of input expressions Not all slots must have a value No strong notion of grammaticality Tree diagrams for instantiated constructions are simplified representations Only the structurally relevant slots with values are displayed and the head slot and arguments slots with or without a value Tree Diagrams for Instantiated Constructions

61. Pred Types are constructions with argument (or complement) slots, not parts of speech Relational Parts of Speech (e.g. verb, adjective, preposition, adverb) project pred types when they function as clausal heads Pred-Nominal is intransitive because the nominal functions as the clausal head, not a complement of the auxiliary verb as in other treatments Pred-Adjective functions as the clausal head, not a complement of the auxiliary verb as in other treatments Pred-Prep functions as the clausal head, not an adjunct as in other treatments Pred Type(Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive)

62. Pred-Verb-Types contain an infinitive marker slot Only verb pred types allow infinitive marker Only verb pred types allow indirect object, locative argument and recipient Only verb pred types allow situation complement Pred Type(Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive)

70. Situation Referring Expressions are the basic clausal unit of grammatically encoded meaning and consist of a relational head and one or more arguments (or complements) Situation Referring Expressions correspond to clauses and sentences in other grammatical treatments Situation Referring Expression