Physical Development from 1 to 3

1. Physical Development from 1 to 3 Chapter 10- Unit 4

2. Chapter Objectives Identify 5 changes in a child’s physical growth from ages 1 to 3 Explain how developmental milestones are used Describe how a parent should respond to typical changes in a child’s sleeping pattern Explain why it is important to establish good eating habits early in life Identify why young children are particularly at risk for accidents List four factors to consider when choosing clothing for young children

3. Chapter 10 Section 1- Growth and development from 1 to 3 Section 2- Caring for children from 1 to 3

4. Chapter 10.1 Growth and Development from 1 to 3

5. Growth from 1 to 3 • Heredity plays a major role in child development • Physical traits such as eye color, body size, and risk for diseases can be passed through genes • Basic road map for physical development while other traits fill in the gap • Other factors include • Nutrition • Health • Life Experiences • During this stage, major growth occurs in • Height, weight, body proportion, posture, and teeth • Motor skills

6. Growth from 1 to 3 Typical One Year Old Typical 3 Year Old What differences do you see??

7. Toddlers to Preschool Toddler Preschooler • Refers to children 1 to 2 years • Walk few unsteady steps • Ages 3-5 • 3 year olds walk steadily, hop, skip, run • Both need plenty of physical space to build their physical muscles • Attention span is longer than that of infants • Change activities often

8. Height and Weight • Gain less than half the average monthly weight they did during the first year of life • Heredity and environment influence • After the 1st birthday, children begin to show variation in size

9. Proportion and Posture • Physical proportion changes so does their posture • Until age 2 the head circumference, abdomen, and chest are about the same measurement around • Between 2 and 3 the chest becomes larger around than the head or abdomen • Arms, legs, and torso grow longer • Improves balance and motor skills • By age 2, posture is straighter but not completely erect • Protruding abdomen • Head bent somewhat forward • Knees and elbows slightly bent • 3rd birthday they stand straighter because their spines are stronger

10. Teeth • 1 year olds typically have about 8 teeth • By age 3 they have a complete set of 20 primary (baby) teeth • Several factors influence the health of teeth: • Diet • Heredity • Dental care

11. Healthy Teeth-Diet • Teeth are formed before birth • Mom’s diet can influence the quality of her baby’s teeth • A child’s diet is most important during the firsts 2 years • Adult teeth form under primary teeth • Healthy Teeth: • Dairy products • Vitamin D • Water with fluoride in it • Regular Brushing • Avoid sugary cereals • Do not let a child have milk in a bottle at night • Baby bottle decay

12. Healthy Teeth- Dentist • Take a child to the dentist early- 18 months of age • They can become comfortable with the office (smells, people, sound, etc.) • Some family dentists will see toddlers or refer to a pediatric dentist • Some dentists will have a child sit on a parents lap if they are young • Many toys and books in the waiting room to feel more secure

13. Development 1 to 3 Sensory Integration • Sensory integration is the process by which the brain combines information taken through the senses to make a whole • How the child knows how wide to open their mouth to bite into an orange • Those that are unable are said to have sensory dysfunction • Some react strongly to some types of stimulation • Noises or lights • Learning or behavioral problems

14. Developmental Milestones

15. Motor Skills- Gross Motor • Physical exercise promotes the development of gross motor skills • As children exercise they slowly build the confidence, strength, and coordination to do certain tasks • Kick a ball for example • Walking is a significant gross motor skill • Feeling of pride and mobility to explore

16. Gross Motor- Fine Motor • Most important milestone • Children begin to pick up objects between their thumb and forefinger • Between 1st and 2nd birthdays children learn to feed themselves and drink from a cup • Often spill because of poor hand-eye coordination • Toys help practice fine motor skills • Blocks, large beads, stacking games • Dexterity is the skillful use of the hands and fingers • 2 year olds can turn the pages of a book at one time • 3 year olds like taking things apart and putting them back together • Have enough dexterity to draw circles, lines, and crosses

17. Righty or Lefty? • Before age 2 it is difficult to determine if a child is left or right-handed • Generally use both hands as they develop coordination and muscle control • In fact, if a 1 year old favors one hand/arm over another it may indicate a physical problem with the other hand/arm • Around age 2 or 3 some children make their preference clear by favoring one hand over another • Other children, may continue switching between hands well into their preschool years • Not a problem as long as it does not inhibit a child’s ability to complete developmentally appropriate tasks

18. Hand-Eye Coordination • Continues to improve in this age group • This milestone gives children greater ability in using objects, poking fingers in holes, opening up boxes, and playing with balls • Aids in building structures, sorting items, and coloring with crayons

19. Chapter 10 Section 2 Caring for Children from 1 to 3

20. Sleeping- Sleep Patterns • Most 1-year olds continue the pattern of sleeping 8 or more hours at night • As they get older, daytime naps become shorter • The length of time at night slowly increases • By age 2, most children no longer need a morning nap • In total, 2-3 year olds sleep about 10-14 hours a night • Fears or anxiety about separation from parents can make falling asleep difficult for this age group • Children feel more comfortable if they follow routines at night • Story time, stuffed animal • Long nights out can affect this routine

21. Sleeping- Sleep Disturbances • Its not unusual for toddlers to wake up briefly when sleeping • Best response depends on the problem • Fear of the dark is common at ages 2 and 3 and may prevent a child from falling asleep • Night terrors are a type of sleep disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when they are deeply sleeping • Children cannot usually identify what has made them wake up • Reassurance that everything is okay is the best remedy

22. Nutritional Needs and Eating • Children learn and pick up good eating habits at a young age that they carry throughout life • Offer children a variety of healthy foods at mealtime and let them choose what to eat • Encourage don’t force • Remember children imitate their caregivers

23. Self-Feeding • Children at this stage want to feed themselves • Self-feeding depends on a child’s fine motor skills • Also helps refine them

24. Self-Feeding

25. Nutritional Needs Nutritious Foods Teaching Children Good Nutrition • Avoid foods high in sugar, salt, and fatty foods • No sticky foods • MyPyramid- USDA develops guidelines for healthy eating for people ages 2 and older • This age group needs smaller servings for their tiny stomachs • Sharing nutritious foods • Trying new foods together • Letting children help in the kitchen • Encourage to only eat when hungry and eat slowly • Never use food as a reward • Drink water when thirsty

26. Meal Appeal • One way to promote interest in nutritious foods is to try to make meals appealing for children • Color • Texture • Shape • Temperature • Ease of Eating

27. Immunizations • Children are given vaccines • A small amount of disease carrying germs are introduced to the body so they body can build up immunity • Vaccines boost immune systems so a child can easily fight off an infection • Being in a child center exposes children to more germs • Studies show this is good • Lower rates of asthma • Stimulates early immune system response • Complications to vaccines are very rare • State law requires that children receive certain vaccinations before entering school • Physicians recommend children receive most immunizations before age 2

28. Childproof the Home • The average home contains a variety of conditions that can be hazardous • To prevent falls • Check that open windows have screens with secure locks • Prevent burns by teaching children not to touch a range • Turn pot handles toward the range’s center • Check the temperature of water from the faucet • Store cleaning supplies, paints, insecticides, and medications in locked cabinets and containers

29. Environmental Concerns • Choking Hazards • Toys • Poisons in the Home • Fire and Burns • Teach stop, drop, and roll • Motor Vehicles • Children must ride in a car seat that is secured with seatbelts in the back seat of a vehicle • Children over 12 months of age and weighing more than 20 pounds or more can ride in a car seat that faces forward • Sunburns • Pets • Drowning • One of the leading causes of death in children • 1-3 at the highest risk because they want to explore their surroundings

30. Hygiene- Washing and Bathing • Hygiene is personal care and cleanliness • Daily baths help children develop good hygiene • Children often assert their independence at bath time • Washing themselves with a washcloth • By age 2, most can wash, rinse, and dry themselves fairly well • Age 3, children can wash them selves with supervision

31. Hygiene- Caring for Teeth • Age 1 • Small, soft toothbrush daily • Age 2 • Children can begin practicing brushing their own teeth • First attempts wont be successful so caregivers need to help • Age 3 • Children can brush themselves but may need a caregivers help

32. Hygiene- Toilet Training • Most children begin to use the toilet sometime between their second and third birthdays • If you try and teach it any earlier, some experts say, it takes longer

33. Toilet Training-Readiness • Children must be emotionally and physically ready • Physical readiness includes • Control their bladder and bowel movements • Remove their clothes easily • Bowel control involves the use of the sphincter muscles • These help regulate elimination from the bowels • This level of maturity is reached around 18 months • Emotional readiness means the child shows interest in wanting to use the toilet • Books and videos are available • Train during a calm family life period can help too

34. Toilet Training Basics • Calm encouragement • Avoid punishment and rules • Child toilets or toilet seat covers make using the toilet easier for little toddlers • Bowel training comes before bladder training usually • When you see a child make facial expressions that suggest they have to use the bathroom, encourage them to • Training diapers should be used during toilet training

35. Clothing- Self-Dressing • Undressing is easier than dressing • Most children will undress themselves around 13-14 months of age • Pull of shoes, socks or pants • Eventually will move to removing loose shirts • They may try help dressing themselves • Holding out an arm for a shirt • Next they may learn to put their arm through a sleeve • By age 2 the child can • Pull up pants • Shirts are still difficult • May put on clothes inside out or backwards • By age 3 the child can • Dress themselves but need help with fasteners • May put shoes on the wrong feet • Teaches the child independence and responsibility

36. Choosing the Right Clothes • Cotton is comfortable often used in children’s clothing • Absorbs moisture and wears well yet may shrink • Synthetic fibers are fabrics made from chemicals rather than natural sources • Polyester and acrylic are durable, wrinkle resistant and quick drying • Don’t absorb moisture and hold heat near the body • Natural and synthetic are usually blended for all qualities • By law, clothing must have a label that identifies fibers used • Each state has unique guidelines • Children’s clothing MUST be flame-resistant (Federal Law) • Can still catch fire but wont burn as quickly • Durability or ability to last is influenced by the quality of the fabric and construction of the clothing