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ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM. ENVIRONMENT : Made up of all the living and nonliving things that surround an organism. Many species can survive in more than one environment. But each species has its “home” or habitat. Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would rather live in the wild.

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ECOSYSTEM

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  1. ECOSYSTEM

  2. ENVIRONMENT : • Made up of all the living and nonliving things that surround an organism. • Many species can survive in more than one environment. • But each species has its “home” or habitat. • Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would rather live in the wild

  3. HABITAT • HABITAT : is the place where organisms lives • The habitat must supply the needs of organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals. • EXAMPLE : - habitat of lotus is water - earthworm lives in moist soil

  4. ECOLOGY (from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or "dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse") is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. Ecology entails consideration of biotic factors (other organisms that include prey, predators, parasites, etc) and abiotic factors (such as temperature, light, and water).

  5. Living organism components in ecosystem • INDIVIDUAL or ORGANISM : one living organism or individual organism of a single species example : -A human - A goose - A dog

  6. 2. POPULATION 2. A POPULATION : all the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area example : 1. Sheep population 2. Cats population Note: A species is a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce

  7. 3. COMMUNITY • COMMUNITY : All the populations found in a particular area • A community consists of all the various populations interacting at a locale • Example : All populations in coral reef ( algae, crustaceans, fishes) make up coral reef community

  8. organism population community Organism – population - community

  9. 4. ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem : a community and its physical environment, including both non living (abiotic) and living (biotic) components

  10. 5. BIOME • Biome is:a major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climatic or environmental condition on a large geographic area in which they occur. • Biomes may be classified into: a. Terrestrial biomes or land biomes - e.g. tundra, taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests, etc. b. Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc. c. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc

  11. BIOMES TAIGA TUNDRA SAVANNA

  12. Biomes themselves are very large habitats. However, inside of each biome there are smaller habitats called microhabitats.

  13. Biomes and Biosphere • The plants and animals of earth live in an area called the biosphere. The biosphere is huge and is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists divide the biosphere for study is by using biomes. • A biome is a large geographical area that has a specific climate and contains some very particular plants and animals. Some major biomes of the world include: desert, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, tundra, savannah, and taiga.

  14. 6. BIOSPHERE Biosphere: the part of the Earth’s covering where life is possible; it extends from the floor of the oceans to the summit of the highest mountains.

  15. Level ecological organization

  16. Level Ecological Organization

  17. Fill the blanks using the appropriate terms below.Community, ecosystem(s), habitat(s) or population(s) 1. A mangrove swamp …. contains mud, sea and tree …. 2. The sea is …. for fish and whales 3. A cat has a … of fleas in its fur. 4. Mudskippers are member of the predator ….. that feed upon the … of small crabs in the mangrove swamp mud, reducing their numbers. 5. The worm … of the Pulau Seribu mangrove swamp mud … are eaten by a … of wading birds including plovers, greenshanks and redshanks

  18. VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEM Based on forming process: 1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM 2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM

  19. 1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM • Nature ecosystem: ECOSYSTEM IS MADE BY NATURE • examples : - lake ecosystem - marine ecosystem - desert ecosystem

  20. Marine ecosystem CORAL REEF IN HAWAII IS A COMPLEX MARINE ECOSYSTEM

  21. Artificial ecosystem Freshwater aquarium Sea water aquarium

  22. ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS • BIOTIC FACTORS: Human, plant, animal, fungi • ABIOTIC FACTORS water, air, humidity, light

  23. BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC • Biotic, meaning of or related to life, are living factors. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria are all biotic or living factors. • Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving factors that affect living organisms. Environmental factors such habitat (pond, lake, ocean, desert, mountain) or weather such as temperature, cloud cover, rain, snow, hurricanes, etc. are abiotic factors.

  24. A. BIOTIC FACTOR • A factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment • Example: plant,human animal, predator, prey

  25. BASED ON THE ROLE 1. PRODUCER : Living organisms which can produce their own food by photosynthesis Most producers are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the sun. Example: green plants

  26. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Is the process in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed into chemical energy • Reaction: light CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 + H2Ochlorophylll

  27. 2. CONSUMER Consumers : organism which obtain energy by eating other organisms and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. • PRIMARY CONSUMER An animal that eats grass and other green plants in a food chain (HERBIVORA) • SECONDARY CONSUMER An animal that feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a food chain (KARNIVORA) • TERTIARY CONSUMERAn animal that feeds on secondary consumers in a food chain. TOP CONSUMER

  28. CONSUMER

  29. 3. DECOMPOSER • Is an organism that gets its food energy from dead parts of other organisms • example : - bacterium - fungus Bacteria as decomposer

  30. DETRITIVORE • a member of a class of consumers that derives its energy from organic wastes matter and dead organisms • example : - earthworm The principal difference between detritivores and decomposers is that the detritivores are relatively complex organisms, such as earthworms or maggots.

  31. 2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS • Any of the nonliving factors that make up the abiotic environment in which living organisms occur • example : - water, soil, air, light, sun, temperature, atmosphere, humidity

  32. AUTOTROPH ORGANISM • An organism which produces its own food by photosynthesis • Example: • Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

  33. HETEROTROPH ORGANISM • An organism which acquires its energy by consuming either other organisms or the nonessential castoffs of other organisms. • Example: animal, human, heterotroph plant, fungi.

  34. ANIMAL • HERBIVORE an animal which eats producers. • CARNIVORE an animal that eats meat. They may be predators. • OMNIVORE  an animal that eats both animal and plant

  35. Examples : • HERBIVORE  cow, goat, buffalo, rabbit, deer, koala • CARNIVORE lion, tiger, dog, hawk • OMNIVORE pig, rat, hen

  36. HETEROTROPH PLANT Plant that fulfills its food by taking nutrient from the other living organism (as parasite) example :  TALI PUTRI

  37. FUNGI • Fungi can’t produce their own food because they don’t have chlorophyll. • Fungi take the nutrient from dead organisms

  38. Examples: 1.Earthworm can increase soil fertility. 2.Human throw garbage into the river. 3.Green plants produce oxygen. BIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECTING ABIOTIC COMPONENT

  39. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECT BIOTIC COMPONENTS 1.Fish need water as its habitat. 2.Green plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis 3.Human need oxygen for breathing

  40. INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN BIOTIC COMPONENTS • Bee help flower fertilization • Cow need grass as its food.

  41. INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN PRODUCER, CONSUMER AND DECOMPOSER

  42. FOOD CHAIN • Diagram that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem • Example: plant  grasshopper  frog  snake  hawk

  43. FOOD CHAIN

  44. FOOD WEB • A system of food chains that are linked with one another. • In a food web a particular organism may feed at more than one trophic level • Note: Trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain

  45. FOOD WEB

  46. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID • We can compare the trophic levels in food chain using ecological pyramid. • Type of pyramid: a.Pyramid of numbers b. Pyramid of biomass c. Pyramid of energy

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