CONVOYS

1. CONVOYS

2. Convoys • Introduction • Convoy Organization and Planning • Non Tactical convoys must adhere to all state and consider federal regulations: • Weights • Ammunition / Weapons Security. • Hazardous Materials POL’s

3. Convoys • Overweight / Wide Loads. • Begin Planning - Use the acronym METT / TSL. • Mission - gives the desired convoy objectives or results. • Enemy: • - Enemy poses no threat - Security takes a low priority. • - Enemy poses a threat- Available security forces and Fire support take high priority.

4. Convoys • Terrain - must be considered when choosing the route. • Troops / Fire support - security forces availability. • Time - make use of all time available. • Space - relates to the distance the convoy will cover.

5. Convoys • Logistics - two basic types used for convoys: • - Tactical Convoy - Assumes that enemy contact is possible. • - Administrative Convoy - Enemy contact is unlikely.

6. Convoys • Orient all subordinate leaders using the five paragraph order. • Situation: • - Friendly Forces. • - Support Units. • - Enemy Situations. • Mission: • - Type of Cargo. • - Origin. • - Destination.

7. Convoys • Execution: • - General organization of convoy. • - Time schedule. • - Routes. • - Convoy speed. • - Vehicle distance / Speed. • - Checkpoints. • - Accidents / breakdown. • - Separation from convoy.

8. Convoys • - Action of the convoy / security forces in the event of attack. • Admin and Logistics. • - Cargo loading and unloading. • - Control of personnel. • NOTE: PROCEDURES AND PRIORITIES OF HANDLING DETAINEES, WOUNDED AND A PLAN FOR MEDIVAC.

9. Convoys • - Cargo security. • - Uniform and Equipment. • - Billeting Arrangements. • - Refueling and servicing vehicles. • - Vehicle recovery. • - Off load instructions. • Command and Signal. • - Location or position of leaders and key personnel.

10. Convoys • - Succession of command. • - Action of security forces commander. • - Arm and hand signals. • - Radio frequencies and call signs for all key personnel. • Safety: • - Hazards of route. • - Defensive driving • - Weapons safety / security.

11. Convoys • Convoy Commanders Primary responsibilities. • Issues Orders. • - Creates convoy and operations orders. • - Assigns appropriate subordinate leaders. • Tactical Vehicle Loading. • - Must provide space for security forces and vehicle reinforcements.

12. Convoys • - Provision will sacrifice cargo space and affect load calculations. • - Requires spread loading of critical cargo. • - Request escort vehicles if available.

13. Convoys • Administrative vehicle Loading. • - Requires Convoy Commander to use logistical skills. • - Utilize all cargo capacity. • Convoy staging. • - Top off fuel. • - Pre stage vehicles in a guarded area prior to departure

14. Convoys • - Place in desired order of march (dispersed accordingly). • - Camouflaged while in assembly area. • NOTE: IF A SECURITY FORCE COMMANDER HAS BEEN ASSIGNED, THEY SHOULD BE DEVELOPING PLANS ACCORDINGLY. CONVOY COMMANDER CAN ASK RECOMMENDATIONS ON PLACEMENT OF SECURITY AND ESCORT VEHICLES PRIOR TO VEHICLE STAGING.

15. Convoys • Conduct briefing. • - Convoy commander must continuously brief subordinates. • - Keep subordinates updated on the enemy and immediate logistical situations • NOTE: THIS INCLUDES BRIEFING THE DRIVERS ON IMMEDIATE ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO ENEMY ACTIONS

16. Convoys • Route Reconnaissance. • If possible - Convoy commander should conduct a physical reconnaissance of the route(s) prior to departure. • - Best method - Fly the route. • - Next Best - Drive the route. • - At a minimum a thorough map recon should be done.

17. Convoys • Check S-2 for updates on recent enemy sightings. • If a physical reconnaissance can be done: • - Convoy Commanders primary personnel will accompany. • - Ensures a good decision on timing, speed, and order of march.

18. Convoys • - Alternate routes must be identified. • - Danger areas and roadblocks should be recorded as well. • Tactical Vehicle Preparation. • Vehicles are designed and configured around logistical considerations.

19. Convoys • Vehicles must be modified and or reinforced to weather enemy action. • Alter existing equipment; remove or secure the following: • - Canvas and bows. • - Straps across the rear. • - Lower or remove windshield.

20. Convoys • - All reflecting surfaces should be taped or removed. • - Tape over headlights. • Harden vehicles against the effects of the enemy using sandbags. • NOTE: SANDBAGS PROVIDE PERSONNEL PROTECTION ONLY.

21. Convoys • - Driver compartment: Floor and seat with double interlocked layers. • NOTE: DRIVERS COMFORT AND ABILITY TO CONTROL VEHICLE MUST BE CONSIDERED. • - Hood, and fender wells to protect personnel from the effects of mines.

22. Convoys • NOTE: BLAST AND FRAGMENTATION VECTORED UPWARDS CAN EASILY PENETRATE THIN METAL AT THOSE POINTS. • - External fuel tanks and batteries: Cover to contain flames and spraying acid. • - Truck bed; Double interlocking layers.

23. Convoys • NOTE: SANDBAGS CAN CAUSE FRAGMENTATION THROUGH SANDBLAST. THIS CAN BE PREVENTED BY COVERING BAGS WITH RUBBER MATTING OR ANY OTHER STURDY EQUIVALENT. • - Sides of truck bed; Stack to provide lateral protection.

24. Convoys • Mounted Security Force. • Squad Leader / Vehicle Commander. • - Position where best control of the vehicle / troops can be obtained. • - Preferred location; Immediately to rear of cab in truck bed.

25. Convoys • Assistant Driver, in ambush or other enemy action. • - Will remain in vehicles vicinity. • - Assists the driver in providing vehicle security. • Sentries • - Armed with M203 or Service rifle on automatic. • - Stationed at each corner of vehicle.

26. Convoys • - Collective role; Provide a 360 degree arc of observation. • - Return suppression fire immediately, in case of enemy contact. • Air / Sniper Sentinel. • - Close to vehicle commander. • - Scans sky and high ground • - Provides warning of sniper or air attack.

27. Convoys • Attached machine gunner. • - Augment to security force. • - On board vehicle; gunner positioned in the center of bed, facing the rear. • - Position allows gunner to fire to the rear. • - Provides good lateral protection and quick exit.

28. Convoys • Remaining Squad Members • - Face outboard. • - Split between port and starboard sides of vehicle. • - Assist in observation. • - Return fire when directed. • Additional areas Convoy and Security Commanders must consider. • Communications

29. Convoys • - Rarely will every vehicle have a radio. • - If a security force is designated, a radio goes with the force. • - Various type nets should be requested for fire support assets available. • - Obtain information that will cover all units whose zones the convoy will move through.

30. Convoys • Fire support. • - Rear area will be covered by a target list. • - If not; Submit a list to FSC of targets that address enemy locations or possible ambush sites. • - Contact FSC if moving out of unit’s area, to process and coordinate fire support request.

31. Convoys • Ambush Instructions: • Before ambush. • - Be alert for changes in familiar scenes along route. • - Expect ambush upon demolition of mines, automatic weapons fire, and heavy sniper fire.

32. Convoys • During ambush. • - Notify security force by radio call using pre-arranged signals. • - Continue moving, maintain vehicle distance if possible. • - If disabled steer off the road to allow passage of other vehicles.

33. Convoys • - If disabled while moving through kill zone, mount a passing vehicle. • - Don’t enter a kill zone if it can be avoided. • - Provide flanking support fire into kill zone. • - Security vehicles; Apply maximum base of fire, FIGHT AS A TEAM, and deploy upon command.

34. Convoys • - Prime targets: Enemy automatic weapons, mortars, rocket positions and assaulting ground forces. • After ambush. • - Protect and care for wounded, MEDEVAC, ASAP. • - After contact has been broken, reopen roadway insuring it is free of mines.

35. Convoys • - Do not attempt to remove mines, mark mines and contact EOD. • - Provide flank security while convoy passes through area. • - When contact is broken, do not give chase. • - Stay alert for counter attack. • - Remember details.

36. Convoys • Convoy Defense Techniques. • Snipers. • - Do not stop, if anything speed up. • - If wind conditions allow, throw smoke to screen enemy observation. • - Sentries can return fire in general direction to suppress sniper.

37. Convoys • - Escort vehicle or FO’s can bring suppressive fires. • - Convoy Commander should immediately inform higher headquarters. • Air attack: • - Shoot at attacking aircraft using all available weapons. • - Put up large volumes of fire, accuracy is not important, volume!

38. Convoys • - Fire at nose of aircraft. • - Take cover if you have time. • - Lie on your back if caught in the open. • - Mounted crew serve weapons should aim slightly above the aircraft’s nose for head on targets.

39. Convoys • Ambush (Road not blocked, Hasty Ambush) • - Vehicle caught in the kill zone, continue to move until clear, find cover and concealment, stop and dismount. • - Vehicle which has not entered the kill zone, find cover and concealment, stop short and dismount.

40. Convoys • - Vehicles caught in kill zone that become disabled, conduct a vehicle unloading drill. • NOTE: DEPENDING ON SITUATION DISMOUNTED TROOP PROVIDE SUPPRESSIVE FIRE ON ENEMY OR ASSAULT THROUGH ENEMY POSITIONS.

41. Convoys • - Escort vehicles, find positions to return suppressive fire, this will support maneuver of security forces. • - Security forces maneuver and assault based on rehearsals or frag orders. • - Indirect fire and / or air strikes are called in on fleeing or fighting enemy.

42. Convoys • Ambush (Road blocked, deliberate ambush) • - Vehicle which has not entered kill zone, find cover and concealment, stop short and dismount. • - Vehicle trapped or blocked in kill zone, after conducting vehicle unloading drill, assault or return fire as a base of fire.

43. Convoys • - Escort vehicles find positions to return suppressive fire, this will support maneuver of Security forces. • - Security forces maneuver and assault from outside kill zone based on rehearsals or frag order. • - Indirect fire and / or air strikes are called in on fleeing or fighting enemy.

44. Convoys • Rehearse Actions at Danger Areas. • - Stress simplicity, aggressiveness, and rapid execution. • - Use small unit tactics, battle drills, and patrolling techniques. • - Counter ambush techniques when needed.

45. Convoys • Direct Combat Loading of Equipment and Personnel. • - Objective Area: Equipment needed to accomplish mission. • - En route: Equipment which enables or assists in reaching its objective. • - Routine: Equipment carried by all members.

46. Convoys • - Control: Equipment used in assisting the Convoy or Security Commander controlling the convoy while moving and during actions at objective areas. • - Water and food specified by Convoy or Security Commander.

47. Vehicle Hardening

48. Vehicle Hardening

49. Vehicle Hardening

50. R-1 SL R-2 C R-1 40 R-1 R-2 Security Vehicle