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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Chapter 6. Types of Energy?????. Energy - *forms: light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical, sound *potential energy = stored kinetic energy = being used *can be transformed from one type to another – -battery - chemical to electrical

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Chapter 6

  2. Types of Energy?????

  3. Energy- *forms: light, heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical, sound *potential energy = stored kinetic energy = being used *can be transformed from one type to another – -battery - chemical to electrical -roll downhill - potential to kinetic -flip light switch –mechanical to electrical to light & heat *it is the ability to do work!

  4. glucose ATP Cellular Respiration • A cellular process that releases energyfrom glucose (or other organic molecules) to produce energy (ATP). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (energy)

  5. What respires?

  6. Plants and Animals/all living organisms

  7. Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respirationtakes place.

  8. ATP & ADP

  9. ATP & ADP

  10. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Transfer of one or more electrons and/or energy from one compoundto another. • Two parts: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction

  11. Oxidation Reaction • The loss of electrons or energy from a compound.

  12. Reduction Reaction • The gain of electrons or energy to a compound.

  13. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Reactions where 1 substance loses electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen and another substance gains electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen • O • I • L • R • I • G Oxidation reaction: loss of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen Reduction reaction: gain of electrons &/or energy &/or hydrogen

  14. Aerobic Respiration Pathway -lots of chemical reactions –controlled by enzymes Important patterns: *energy released –> captured by ADP to make ATP *energized H released ->captured by NAD to make NADH & H+or captured by FAD to make FADH2 NAD is like catcher’s mitt– catches fastball/high energy H FAD is like fielder’s mitt – catches slower ball/lower energy H *when C atom is lost, it is released as CO2

  15. Aerobic Respiration Respiration in the presence of free oxygen, resulting in the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water as well as the release of a net of 36 ATP’s.

  16. Potato chip = fuel!!! contains energy (potential) in chemical bonds Burn chip – releases energy in form of light/heat can use that energy to do work For our bodies to do work (life processes), can’t use energy in form of heat/light … living things need energy in form of ATP ATP is the ultimate form of energy for living things! ADP = adenosine diphosphate ATP = adenosine triphosphate Gain Energized phosphate lose Energized phosphate

  17. Aerobic Respiratory Pathway • Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of glucose) a. cytoplasm, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Pyruvic Acid breakdown a. migration from cytoplasm to mitochondria.

  18. Aerobic Respiratory Pathway 3. Krebs Cycle a. mitochondria 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) a. mitochondria

  19. 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in thecytoplasm just outside of mitochondria. • Two phases: A. Energy investment phase a. 2 ATP activation energy B. Energy yielding phase a. 4 ATP produced

  20. Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C 2ATP 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH & H+ - produced 2ADP+ P C-C-C C-C-C (2 - 3C) 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: 2

  21. (2 - 3C) PGAL PGAL C-C-C C-C-C 4ADP+4 P 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH & 2H+ - produced 4ATP C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) or Pyruvic Acid (PYR) 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase

  22. 1. Glycolysis • Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate) 2 – ATP (Stored Chemical Energy) (4 ATP produced-2 used as Activation Energy) 2 – NADH& H+

  23. Glycolysis

  24. Cytoplasm 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvic 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA 2NADH& 2H+ 2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown • Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). • 2 Pyruvic Acid (3C)molecules are transported through the mitochondria membraneand is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)molecules.

  25. 2. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown • End Products: 2 – NADH 2 – H+ 2 - CO2 (Released as waste) 2 - Acetyl CoA (2C) *Enters Kreb Cycle

  26. PyruvicAcidBreakdown

  27. Mitochondrial Matrix 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Location:mitochondria • Acetyl CoA (2C)bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA)to make Citric acid (6C). • It takes 2 turnsof the krebs cycle to oxidize1 glucosemolecule.

  28. 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citric acid (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH& 3H+ ATP ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  29. 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH& 6H+ 2 ATP 2 ADP+2 P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  30. Krebs Cycle

  31. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Total net yield(2 turnsof krebs cycle) 1.2 - ATP 2. 6 – NADH& H+ 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2

  32. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Location:mitochondrial. • Uses ETC and ATPSynthase(enzyme) to make ATP. • ETCpumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane.

  33. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  34. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • All NADHand FADH2converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. • Each NADHconverts to 3 ATP. • Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

  35. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ 3H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C 2H+ + 1/2O2 ADP + ATP P H2O H+ NADH + H+ NAD+ Proton (H+) Pumping lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for NADH

  36. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C ADP + ATP P 2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 + H+ FAD+ H+ Proton (H+) Pumping lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Chemiosmosis for FADH2

  37. 2 e- NAD+ (recycled) Electron Transport Chain e- s + 2 H+

  38. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - Phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

  39. Eukaryotes(Have Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid breakdown phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL

  40. Glucose Cytosol Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate 2NADH 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 6NADH 2FADH2 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

  41. Prokaryotes(Lack Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 06ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH – pyruvic acid breakdown phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL

  42. Question: • In addition to glucose, what other food molecules are used in Cellular Respiration?

  43. Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2.Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

  44. Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs in cytoplasm when “NO Oxygen”is present (called anaerobic). • Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. • Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

  45. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Ethanol 2 Pyruvic acid 2CO2 released 2 NAD+ 2NADH & 2H+ glucose Alcohol Fermentation • Plants and Fungi  beer and wine

  46. Alcohol Fermentation • End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s

  47. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2 NAD+ 2NADH C C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Lactic acid 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2NADH & H+ Glucose Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

  48. Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids

  49. THE END!!

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