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Knights, Ladies, and Chivalry

Knights, Ladies, and Chivalry. Gender roles, Literature, and Aristocratic Culture 1150-1500. Timeline for Cultural Development of High Middle Ages. 1099: First Crusade ends with victory 1136: The First Arthurian Legends Appear

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Knights, Ladies, and Chivalry

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  1. Knights, Ladies, and Chivalry Gender roles, Literature, and Aristocratic Culture 1150-1500

  2. Timeline for Cultural Development of High Middle Ages • 1099: First Crusade ends with victory • 1136: The First Arthurian Legends Appear • 1140: Gratian’s Decretum and Church Legal System & First Gothic Architecture Appears • 1164 Constitutions of Clarendon • 1180s: Marie de France writes Yonec • 1188: Glanvill’s Treatise of Common Law • 1203: Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople • 1215: Fourth Lateran Council

  3. Discuss • What the heck are we talking about? What’s the big picture?

  4. Final Exam Essay Question Using evidence from the Early and Central Middle Ages, explain how northern Europe transformed from a mostly illiterate Germanic warrior culture around 500 to a distinctively medieval civilization by 1300. Identify significant characteristics of this transformation and the factors that encouraged the change in order to illuminate the defining features of medieval European civilization.

  5. What value is there is following an extended argument? • They provide a blueprint for creating my own explanations • I will need to understand extended and complex arguments in my personal and professional life • Not much. It is something academics like to do because they like to hear their own voices • Honestly, I can not say

  6. Key Issues • How did competition for power during the High Middle Ages encourage innovation? • How did art & architecture reflect the quest for prestige?

  7. Medieval Universities

  8. Gratian’s Decretumc. 1140Foundation for Systematic Canon Law of Church Courts

  9. Innovations in Medieval Theology:TransubstantiationLateran IV1215

  10. French Gothic at St. Chapelle

  11. Gothic Cross-Section

  12. How was the Church involved in shaping medieval European civilization? • By exporting violence • By encouraging literacy • By encouraging engineering feats • Be competing with secular powers for control of taxes, justice, and armies • By encouraging social organizations that fostered collective identities and public works • All of the above

  13. How did secular rulers respond to the growing power of the Church?

  14. Aquitaine merged with England during the mid 1100s Sometimes referred to as the “Angevin Empire” It became the focus of the newly developing chivalric culture

  15. Henry II of England: 1154-1189Creator of English Common Law

  16. Henry II with Archbishop Becket in 1160s

  17. Murder of Becket, December, 1170

  18. Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164 1. If a controversy concerning … presentation of churches arise between laymen, or between laymen and clerks, or between clerks, it shall be treated of and terminated in the court of the lord king. 2. Churches of the fee of the lord king cannot, unto all time, be given without his assent and concession. 3. Clerks charged and accused of anything, being summoned by the justice of the king, shall come into his court, about to respond there for what it seems to the king's court that he should respond there; and in the ecclesiastical court for what it seems he should respond there; so that the justice of the king shall send to the court of the holy church to see in what manner the affair will there be carried on. And if the clerk shall be convicted, or shall confess, the church ought not to protect him further.

  19. 4. It is not lawful for archbishops, bishops, and persons of the kingdom to go out of the kingdom without the permission of the lord king. And if it please the king and they go out, they shall give assurance that neither in going, nor in making a stay, nor in returning, will they seek the hurt or harm of king or kingdom. 16. The sons of rustics (peasants) may not be ordained without the consent of the lord on whose land they are known to have been born.

  20. Assize of Clarendon, 1166 1. In the first place the aforesaid king Henry, by thee counsel of all his barons, for the preservation of peace and the observing of justice, has decreed that an inquest shall be made throughout the separate counties, and throughout the separate hundreds, through twelve of the more lawful men of the hundred, and through four of the more lawful men of each township, upon oath that they will speak the truth: whether in their hundred or in their township there be any man who, since the lord king has been king, has been charged or published as being a robber or murderer or thief; or anyone who is a harbourer of robbers or murderers or thieves. And the Justices shall make this inquest by themselves, and the sheriffs by themselves.

  21. The Ordealc. 500-1200

  22. Henry II created judicial writs by altering Anglo-Saxon executive writs

  23. Juries of presentment were quite different from these dudes

  24. Bishops presided over Canon Law Courts

  25. Common Law Judges were bound to follow legal precedent

  26. Judges in Eyre travelled across all Angevin Territories

  27. By 1188 the chief justiciar of Henry II’s courts wrote a manual for deciding cases in the king’s courts.

  28. How did the Constitutions of Clarendon limit the power of the clergy? • By claiming that the pope had not power in England • By placing the Archbishop of Canterbury under arrest • By making all proclamations of excommunication null and void in England • By demanding that disputes over legal jurisdiction be placed in royal courts

  29. Spread of LiteracyTomb of Eleanor of Aquitaine c. 1200

  30. Discuss Yonec and chivalric literature • What was chivalric literature? • How could it advance the power of kings? • How are manners and personal behavior related to the sustenance of civil society? • How was the Tale of Yonec related to this trend? • How did the Tale depict • The lady and her husband • The lady’s lover • religion

  31. Chivalry

  32. The definition of chivalry was undergoing change during the 1100s as you will see in the reading by St. Bernard

  33. King ArthurHis Legend spread during 1100sHe may have lived c. 500

  34. Troubadours were court performers from the knightly class

  35. William IX of AquitaineTroubadour Poet

  36. Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)Henry II (1133-89)Richard I (1157-1199)

  37. Chivalry and LiteratureLancelotChretien de Troyes c. 1180

  38. Chivalry & Social Practices

  39. The Order of St. George(1469)

  40. Christine de Pizan& female warriorc. 1410

  41. Chivalry

  42. Modern Gentry

  43. Overview • Background on Chivalry • The Influence of Troubadours • The Contributions of • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Marie de France • Marie de Champagne • Chretien de Troyes • The profusion of chivalric literature and the diffusion of chivalric ideals

  44. Background on Chivalry • During the 12th century the chivalric ethos underwent a major transformation; this change is most readily apparent in literature • The older form of chivalry portrayed in epics such as the Song of Roland (c. 1050) gave way to a new style in which women played a much larger role • The older form of literature is sometimes referred to as chanson de geste, literally meaning songs of deeds, emphasized the martial valor and courage of males on the battlefield • Women were rarely even mentioned in this form of literature

  45. Background on Chivalry • Beginning in the twelfth century women occupied a more central role in chivalric literature • The principal actors were still predominately knights; however, these knights usually acted either in the service of ladies or to win their affections • This new form of chivalric literature often featured dialogue between knights and ladies; by modern standards this discourse was perhaps formal and superficial as knights sought to demonstrate courtesy and manners while ladies often secretly manipulated men who competed for their affections • To more fully appreciate this change in chivalric literature and the chivalric ethos, we can begin by looking at the influence of the troubadours

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