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Europe WW II

Europe WW II. Between the Wars Rise of the Axis 1919 – 1945 Western and Eastern Fronts. Between the Wars. 1921 Washington Naval Conference -4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP – Status Quo of the Pacific -9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door China -5-Power Treaty US=5 UK=5 JAP=3 FR=1.75 IT = 1.75

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Europe WW II

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  1. Europe WW II Between the Wars Rise of the Axis 1919 – 1945 Western and Eastern Fronts

  2. Between the Wars • 1921 Washington Naval Conference • -4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP – Status Quo of the Pacific • -9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door China • -5-Power Treaty US=5 UK=5 JAP=3 FR=1.75 IT = 1.75 • 1925 Locrano Treaty established Germany

  3. Between the Wars • 1928 – The Kellog –Braind Pact • Anti -war treaty designed to disarm the world and to control future arms races – it reviewed the 1921 agreements 1929 Great Depression – starts in the U.S spreads to Europe German is it the hardest 1931 Both Germany and the Soviet Union join the League of Nations

  4. Conditions in Europe and U.S. • France • England • Russia • UnitedStates

  5. Ideology Fascism • A political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition. Promotes extreme nationalism

  6. Ideology Socialism • A political theory that advocates collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods-no private property-means of production are controlled by the state – the transition between capitalism and communism. Promotes world conquest nationalism does not exist

  7. Why Benito Mussolini • The birth of Fascism (extreme nationalism) In the 1920 as a result of economic depression – political instability and the results of WW

  8. Why Benito Mussolini • 1919 and 1920 there were a lot of agricultural strikes that terrified the middle class and the industrial class – the groups in which Mussolini appealed to the most – By 1922 he had gained enough support and his BLACK SHIRT army was strong enough that he threatened to march on Rome – Fearful of an overthrow Victor Emanuel III abdicated and gave power to Mussolini – he began his fascist state – individual rights were not to come before the loyalty to the nation of Italy-

  9. Benito Mussolini • His goal was to create a new Italy or a new ROME to once again bring civilization to the world – he hoped to create a nation of hard workers who were physically fit – intellectually sharp – disciplined and intellectually sharp. • He did manage to also– major economic reforms-- • Built railroads and created jobs • And he fed the people – • Women were expected to stay home and cook and have babies.

  10. Hitler • At 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April 20, 1889, he was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn just across the border from German Bavaria. Adolph Hitler would one day lead a movement that placed supreme importance on a person's family tree even making it a matter of life and death.

  11. Why Hitler • Clause 231 – and the war debt • High unemployment and the nation was in a state of depression • Powerful speaker – CULT OF PERSONALITY • Fascist -- extreme nationalism

  12. WHY Hitler • The Nazis won their support primarily from the lower middle class and the peasantry. These voters were strongly nationalistic in their political views and feared that the depression would deprive them of their standard of living. The conservative upper classes generally regarded Hitler as an uneducated demagogue and gutter politician.

  13. National Socialism according to the NAZI • We are enemies of cowardly pacifism because we recognize that according to the laws of nature, struggle is the father of all things. We are enemies of democracy because we recognize that an individual genius represents at all times the best in his people and that he should be the leader. Numbers can never direct the destiny of a people. Only genius can do this. We are the deadly enemies of internationalism because nature teaches us that the purity of race and the authority of the leader alone are able to lead a nation to victory

  14. 1. Long-term bitterness Treaty of Versailles 2. Ineffective Constitution 3. Money from backers inc – Thyssen/ Krupp/IG Faben/ Skoda/ Henry Ford/ Irenee du Pont 4.Propaganda – blames the Communists/Jews 5. Programme appeals to many Germans     6. Attacks on other parties 7. Personal qualities – brilliant speaker/ great organizer/ determined 8. Economic Depression – makes Germans desperate Hitler’s Tools

  15. Why Hitler • Born in Austria 1889 • Received Iron Cross for bravery in WW I • 1920 leader of the NSDAP = NAZI party • 1923 attempted a putsch in Munich and was arrested wrote mien kampf from prison in 1 year out of a 20 Year sentence

  16. Mein Kampf • German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs”

  17. NAZI PARTY • Late 1920 Nazi party has little power in German politics – the Depression of the 1930’s would change that • Unemployment rose 2.25 million or 25% of the labor force 1 in 4 was out of work • This was the hardest hit industrial country by the depression • 1930 The Nazi party gained 107 seats in the Reichstag • 1932 Nazi party was the largest party in the German Govt controlling 14.5 million votes of only 35 million voters

  18. Rise of Hitler • On January 30, 1933 Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellor. He thought he could control Hitler • In the end, Hitler did not TAKE power – he was given it.

  19. HITLER as Chancellor • From 1933 – 1936 Hitler and the Nazi party rebuilt the German Economy – provided thousands of jobs – Massive road and public works were built – Science research expanded – military and raw material resources were horded • Nazi youth camps were created which resembled the boy scouts

  20. Hitler as Fuhrer • 1934 he became the Fuhrer of Germany (only 15% of the population claimed to be Nazi )and began to ignore the treaty of Versailles – began to rebuild his military – • 1934 he supported the Franco forces in the Spanish Civil War --- this was a testing ground or the Germany tactics the BLITZ

  21. Prelude to War • 1937 March Rhineland • 1938 March Anschluss • 1938 Oct Sudetenland • 1938Nov Kristallnacht • 1939 March Czechloslavkia • 1939 Aug Nazi Soviet pact

  22. Peace with the UK? • 1938 Munich Conference – Appeasement France and United Kingdom did not want another war – there nations were still recovering from the last one – Pacifist governments were in charge – Chamberlain the Prime minister of the UK went to Munich and met with Hitler to insure peace in Europe – This conference gave German the go ahead to take over Czechoslovakia - One year late German and the UK would be at war with each other

  23. Peace with the Soviets? • 1939 -Non Aggression pact with Russia- this was an agreement not to fight each other it also guaranteed the division of Poland 2/3 to Germany once it invaded and 1/3 to the Soviet Union once Germany invaded. This part of the agreement was kept secret. Both Countries however knew war between each other was unavoidable – this pact was a delaying tactic for both sides

  24. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • London conference 1933 FDR chose domestic policy over foreign by refusing to attend Conference was designed to stabilize all currency in each nation at a level to begin trade – FDR say this as a threat to American recovery – as it would put the dollar under control of a new world market – Conference failed and extreme nationalism in Europe was born

  25. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • Philippines and Russia • Far east was to expensive to maintain • Tidings-McDuffie Act passed – granting Philippines independence in 1946 and a U.S. Army but not Naval pull out. Set the Philippines up for conquest in 1941-42 Also at the same time in 1933 FDR announced the existence of the USSR done to get their help in pressure on Japan (1937 Russo/Japanese treaty)

  26. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • Good Neighbor • U.S. would stay out of Europe andconcentrate on protecting the Western Hemisphere – promised non intervention in the America’s pulled out all U.S. troops – convinved the America’s that the Monroe Doctrine was now a protector of them as well and needed there help to keep the rising power of Germany out. Announced at the 7th Pan American conference in Uruguay –Latin America was sold Bonds and prospered under this.

  27. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • Reciprocal trade Agreement Act • Created by Sec State Hull – trade is two ways and it became a presidential agreement so that it did not have to go through congress (FDR was given permission to lower tariffs by 50% new deal) 29 nations agreed and America was trading on the foreign market and climbing out of depression – it lead the way for American domination of trade after WW II

  28. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • 1936 Neutrality Act • keep us out of foreign wars – and no American in time of a foreign war could sell munitions or sail on a belligerent ship • Destroyers for Bases UK 1940 • Use of bases in Caribbean for 99 years to protect Panama UK get 50 destroyers – U.S. chose sides no longer a 19th century gentlemen’s war

  29. Acts of Neutrality or War U.S. • Lend Lease 1940 • With U.K. and later Russia – weapons would be returned at the end of the war – like getting a used tire back • $50 billion dollars in aid to the allies • U.S. aid to the soviets prevented the Germans form sending supplies to fight in the battle of Britain

  30. Marching through Warsaw

  31. Division of Poland

  32. The Blitz on Poland • Sept 1939 Invasion of Poland • Poland is divided results in the French and British declaring war on Germany

  33. Advance through Belgium • Spring 1940 Blitz on Belgium (EBEN EMAEL) Netherlands Denmark and Norway

  34. Blitz on France 1940

  35. MAGINOT LINE Blitz ON FRANCE 1940 • "If you entrench yourself behindstrong fortifications, you compel the enemyto seek a solution elsewhere." • CLAUSEWITZ

  36. Maginot Line

  37. IT WORKED • The Maginot Line was built between 1929 and 1940. It was built to protect France from her longtime enemy, Germany, and to defend the traditional invasion routes across her eastern frontier. The Maginot Line was built to provide time for the French army to mobilize and to make up for a potentially disastrous shortfall of manpower predicted for the late 1930s. Most of all, it was built to provide a place behind which the French army could hide, a so-called "Great Wall" of France where the nation could feel secure in its doctrine which would become known as the "Maginot" mentality

  38. Dunkirk 1940 • A large force of British and French were cut off by a German armoured advance to the Channel Over 330,000 Allied troops were evacuated by sea

  39. Operation Dynamo • From May 22 preparations for the evacuation began, codenamed operation Dynamo, commanded from Dover by Vice-Admiral Ramsay. He called for as many naval vessels as possible as well as every ship capable of carrying 1,000 men within reach. It initially was intended to recover around 45,000 men of the British Army over two days, this was soon stretched to 120,000 men over five days. On May 27 a request was placed to civilians to provide all shallow draught vessels of 30 to 100 feet (9 to 30 m) for the operation,

  40. Operation Sea Lion • 1941Operation Sea Lon A plan similar to Napoleon’s a century earlier – the Battle of Britain – Germany’s attempt to invade Great Britain and the first real test of Prime Minister Winston Churchill who replaced Chamberlain • The Battle of Britain was fought entirely in the air over England and the English Channel – the Use of the newly invented Radar by the British enabled the smaller Raf to defeat the German Luftwaffa – thus successfully preventing Germany from invading England

  41. German Plane downed over UK

  42. Battle over London 1940

  43. Aircraft in the Battle of Britain

  44. Operation Barbarossa • This was a direct violation of the Non aggression Pact (Hitler followed the same invasion plan as Napoleon depart in the spring quick victory) destruction of 1 million Soviet troops and 2000 Russian aircraft it was not as successful as it should have been – Bailing out the Italians in Greece –

  45. 1942Stalingrad and Kursk • These were the turning point in the war in Europe and Russia’s first victories • Stalingrad cost the Germans an entire army The attack on Stlaingrad started with 300,000 German troops in 1943 a year after the battles in around Stalingrad began 90,000 Germans surrendered of this number, 50,000 would be killed or die from disease in Russian POW camps

  46. 1942Stalingrad and Kursk • The battle for KURSK – this was the world’s largest tank battle over a 10-mile front – 2,700 German tanks vs. 3,600 Russian tanks – it was a Russian Victory – ½ million German casualties and 1,500 tanks destroyed • Germany is pushed back all along the Russian Front –Stalin begs the allies to open up a second front in Europe (allies especially the US believe it is to early and they are not ready to invade – rather see the Germans and the Russians Kill each other off

  47. Africa • 1940 –41 Germans lead by Rommel the Desert Fox Conquered all of Northern Africa From Egypt to the Atlantic • November 1942 US and British troops drive Rommel out of Africa

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