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WORLD WAR II

WORLD WAR II. CAUSES OF THE WAR Standards 7.2-7.8. GROUNDWORK FOR WAR: HITLER AND MUSSOLINI. 1. EUROPE WAS DEVASTATED BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION. 2. POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL UNREST WAS WIDESPREAD. 3. TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS SEIZED CONTROL IN GERMANY AND ITALY.

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WORLD WAR II

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  1. WORLD WAR II CAUSES OF THE WAR Standards 7.2-7.8

  2. GROUNDWORK FOR WAR: HITLER AND MUSSOLINI • 1. EUROPE WAS DEVASTATED BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION. • 2. POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL UNREST WAS WIDESPREAD. • 3. TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS SEIZED CONTROL IN GERMANY AND ITALY. • GERMANY ELECTED INTO POWER THE NAZI (NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY) PARTY LED BY ADOLPH HITLER-- 1933 • ITALY, AFTER A REBELLION, ALLOWED BENITO MUSSOLINI AND HIS FACIST PARTY TO TAKE CONTROL. • THEY BOTH PREACHED THAT THE STATE WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE INDIVIDUAL, THEREFORE OPPOSITION PARTIES WERE OUTLAWED AND PERSONAL FREEDOMS WERE ELIMINATED. • HITLER BLAMED THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND THE JEWS FOR GERMANY’S PROBLEMS. HE BECAME KNOWN AS THE “FUHRER” AND HIS RULE “THE THIRD REICH” (1000 YEAR EMPIRE) • FACIST AND NAZI EXPANSION • OCT. 1935, ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA. LEAGUE OF NATIONS CONDEMNED ITALY’S AGGRESSION BUT DID LITTLE TO HELP ETHIOPIA. • 1936, HITLER ORDERED GERMAN TROOPS INTO THE FRENCH OCCUPIED REGIONS OF GERMANY. ENGLAND AND FRANCE DID NOTHING. • 1938, GERMANY ANNEXED AUSTRIA AND LATER THAT YEAR THE SUDETENLAND. • 1938, ENGLAND, FRANCE AND GERMANY SIGNED THE MUNICH PACT. • “GERMANY CAN HAVE THE SUDENTENLAND BUT MUST PROMISE TO TAKE NO MORE”– APPEASEMENT.—Neville Chamberlain “Peace in our Time”.

  3. IN ASIA: JAPANESE AGGRESSION • Hitler wanted the USSR for “living space”—lebensraum. • Hitler did not want war with Russia, maybe after they defeat France, but not in 1938– signed a “Non-Aggression Treaty”. • Japan’s leader was Emperor Hirohito but actually the military was in control—Gen. Tojo Hidecki. • Sept. 1931 Manchurian Crisis– “Mukden Incident”. • Nov. 1931 League of Nations demanded that Japan remove troops from Manchuria, Japan refuses. • Jan. 1932 Japan captures Manchuria. • Feb. 1932 Japan claims Manchuria to be independent– “Manchukuo” • Mar., 1932 League of Nations refuses to recognize Manchukuo. • May, 1932 Japan and China sign Tangku Truce– unofficial beginning of WW2. • 1935 Congress passes Neutrality Act 1935—ban on weapon sales to warring countries. • 1937 War breaks out between China and Japan. • 1937 FDR issues “Quarantine Speech” • 1937 “Panay Incident” • 1938 Japan repudiates “open door” policy in China. • 1938 US puts an embargo on all fuel and scrap-metal for Japan. • 1938 US is not neutral in China. • 1938 German annexes Austria and Sudetenland. • 1939 Germany annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia. • 1939 US Neutrality Act– “cash and carry” policy to nations at war.

  4. THE WORLD GOES TO WAR WAR IN EUROPE Sept. 1, 1939– Germany invades Poland– “blitzkrieg” (lightning warfare). Poland fell in less than 30 days. England and France declared war on Germany on Sept. 3. THE FALL OF FRANCE April 1940 Germany conquered Denmark and Norway. “Blitzkrieg” on Belgium, The Netherlands and France. Paris fell in June, France was under Nazi control. Hitler installed a “puppet” government—Vichy Government. France had to sign an armistice in the same boxcar that Germany signed the WW1 armistice. Free French leader Charles De Gaulle fled to England. THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN Hitler did not want war with Britain. The countries he invaded were the ones needed to fulfill lebensraum. When England declared war on Germany, Hitler then felt they must be defeated.

  5. BATTLE OF BRITAIN continued • With the US officially neutral and the USSR not yet involved the new British Prime Minister Winston Churchill found himself alone in stopping theGerman domination of Europe. • No one had successfully invaded Britain since 1066, Hitler realized to achieve he would have to wipe out England’s Royal Air Force. • From July—October 1940, 1000s of German Luftwaffe bombed British airfields and cities every night. • Churchill appealed to British patriotism and hope to hold off until the “New World” comes to England’s aid. • THE US ENTERS THE WAR • 1940—FDR won an unprecedented 3rd term. • Most Americans favored neutrality, but that was becoming increasingly difficult to do. • FDR felt for England’ struggle. • March 1941– “Lend Lease Act” passed • Aug. 1941, US signs the Atlantic Charter with England.

  6. PEARL HARBOR • Due to Japan’s lack of natural resources plus the American embargo, the Japanese military leadership decided that aggressive action needed to be taken. • Japan now turned toward SE Asia and the Dutch East Indies, which were both rich in natural resources. • Japan’s only fear was the US fleet in the Philippines and at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • Admiral Yamamoto was in charge of the attack on Peal Harbor. He put together an attack force of 6 aircraft carriers, and in total silence made their way toward Hawaii. (Nov. 1941) • US intelligence knew that Japan was planning attack but did not know where. • Sunday,8:00am Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese launched their attack on Pearl Harbor. • Within 2 hours the Japanese had sunk 12 warships, destroyed 200 warplanes and killed or wounded 3,000 people. • Dec. 8, 1941, Congress declared war on Japan, 3 days later the US declared war on Germany and Italy.

  7. MAJOR POINTS OF THE WAR • JUNE 1941, AFTER THE FALL OF FRANCE, HITLER ORDERED THE INVASION OF RUSSIA. • GERMANY, USING BLITZKRIEG WARFARE DROVE DEEP INTO RUSSIA. THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE DESPISED STALIN AND WOULD HAVE GLADLY HELPED THE GERMAN ARMY, BUT THE GERMAN SOLDIERS TREATED THE RUSSIANS BRUTALLY. • GERMAN ARMY MOVED TO WITHIN 25 MILES OF MOSCOW BY THE FALL, HAD LENINGRAD SURROUNDED AND ONLY STALINGRAD LAY IN THE WAY OF TOTAL GERMAN VICTORY. • DEC. 1941--3 DAYS AFTER PEARL HARBOR GERMANY AND ITALY DECLARED WAR ON THE US. • JAN 1942--STALIN ASKS FOR THE US AND GREAT BRITAIN TO LAUNCH AN INVASION OF FRANCE TO CREATE A 2ND FRONT. • FDR AND CHURCHILL DECIDED THAT ATTACKING GERMAN TROOPS IN NORTH AFRICA WAS BEST. • IT WOULD OPEN THE SUEZ AND THE MEDITERRANEAN FOR ALLIED SHIPPING. • “OPERATION TORCH” NOV. 1942. • THE ATTACK WAS LED BY GEN. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, WITH GEN. GEORGE S. PATTON LEADING THE US TANK CORPS AND the BRITISH GEN. BERNARD MONTGOMERY. • THE ALLIES DEFEATED THE “DESERT FOX” GEN. ERWIN ROMMEL IN TANK BATTLES IN MOROCCO AND TUNISIA.

  8. INVASION OF ITALY • After winning the Battle of El Alamein, FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca to discuss the long-range plans for the Allies. • The invasion of Italy was next in Europe and a full scale offensive in the Pacific against Japan with nothing less than “unconditional surrender” as the end result. • July 1943– Patton invaded Sicily and won. • Allies attacked the mainland in the autumn of 1943, the Italians arrested the King and Mussolini, but the German army in the north freed Mussolini and put him back in charge. • The Battle for Italy lasted until the spring of 1945. • Sept. 1942, Germany launched its attack on Stalingrad. • The German army destroyed the city but “guerilla” warfare during the winter forced the Germans to retreat, eventually 90,000 German soldiers were captured. • Dec. 1943, Teheran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin). • FDR and Churchill finally agreed to open a 2nd European front. • Gen. Eisenhower was made the Supreme Allied Commander. • Operation Overlord-- D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 the Normandy Coast of France. • The Allies sent 500,000 men ashore in a week. • By Aug. 1944, the Allies had taken Paris.

  9. THE PUSH TO BERLIN • BATTLE OF THE BULGE • DEC. 1944, THIS GERMAN ATTACK CAUGHT THE ALLIES IN BELGIUM COMPLETELY BY SURPRISE. • GEN. PATTON’S REINFORCEMENTS SAVED THE ALLIES. • VICTORY IN EUROPE • MAR. 1945 ALLIES IN POSITION TO INVADE GERMANY. • THE SOVIET ARMY WAS CLOSING IN ON GERMANY FROM THE EAST. • YALTA CONFERENCE (FEB. 1945, FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN) • “YALTA DECLARATION”: • AGREED TO DEMOCRACY IN POST-WAR EUROPE • USSR WOULD DECLARE WAR ON JAPAN AFTER GERMANY WAS DEFEATED. • USSR WOULD RECEIVE 50% OF WAR REPARATIONS. • PART OF POLAND WOULD BE TURNED OVER TO RUSSIA. • PART OF CHINA WOULD BECOME PART OF THE USSR AND A RETURN OF THE SAHKALIN ISLANDS. • SOVIET TROOPS WOULD ENTER BERLIN FIRST. • DIVIDE GERMANY INTO 4 OCCUPATION ZONES AFTER THE WAR • CREATE A UNITED NATIONS. • END OF NAZI GERMANY • HITLER COMMITTED SUICIDE IN APRIL 1945 • FDR DIED ON APRIL 12, 1945—HARRY TRUMAN BECAME THE PRESIDENT. “VE DAY” MAY 8, 1945

  10. WAR IN THE PACIFIC • On the same day that the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor they also attacked the US base at Clark Field in the Philippines. • Within a week Japan launched an invasion of the Philippines and within 3 months the Philippines fell. • The only positive results from the war in the Pacific were the aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor were still intact and Gen. Douglas MacArthur escaped from the Philippines. • THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH: • When the Philippines fell 75,000 American soldiers were taken prisoner, they marched 60 miles to be sent to POW Camps—many died from disease, injuries and from the harh treatment. After the war the officers responsible for it were tried for war crimes. • NAVAL BATTLES: • Battle of Coral Sea—stopped the Japanese attack on New Guinea and Australia. May 1942. • Battle of Midway– Admiral Yamamoto believed that the remainder of the American fleet had to be destroyed. • June 1942 the Japanese launched an attack on Midway Island. • It was a turning point in the war in the Pacific. • US bombers attacked the Japanese fleet before they had a chance to detect the location of the US fleet. • The hero was Admiral Chester Nimitz.

  11. WAR IN THE PACIFIC continued • The victory at Midway allowed the US to go on the offensive against Japan. • US strategy: • Attack from the Central Pacific led by Adm. Nimitz • Island- hop Central Pacific to establish a position to bomb or attack Japan– spearheaded by Naval and Marine Corps assaults • Guadalcanal • Iwo Jima • Okinawa April 1945 Fiercest and bloodiest engagement of WW2. • Attack the south Pacific– Gen MacArthur and Adm. Halsey • Island –hop the South Pacific • Main objective was to recapture the Philippines. Navy and Army • “I have returned”– Oct. 1944-1945 • Battle of Leyte Gulf—largest naval battle in history. Oct. 23-26, 1944 • Japanese resorted to kamikaze attacks.

  12. THE ATOMIC BOMB • The capture of Okinawa cleared the way for the invasion of Japan. • In 1941 the US began work on the Manhattan Project, the top secret project to build an atomic bomb.– J. Robert Oppenheimer. • July 1945 US detonated the 1st atomic bomb in New Mexico. • Pres. Truman was at Potsdam discussing post-war policies, one of which was the “unconditional surrender” of Japan or face prompt and total destruction. • Japan’s refusal led Truman to make the decision to drop the bomb on Japan. • Aug. 6, 1945, the Enola Gaye, a B-29 bomber dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. • Instantly 125,000 people died. But Japan refused to surrender. • Aug. 8, 1945, USSR declared war on Japan. • Aug. 9, 1945, the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki. • Aug. 14, 1945, Japan surrendered V-J Day– WW2 was over. • The formal surrender was signed aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay– Gen. Douglas MacArthur signed on behalf of the US, the Emperor Hirohito signed for Japan– Sept. 2, 1945. • Unconditional Surrender— • No military • US occupation • Democratic government

  13. THE WAR AT HOME • 1940 SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT • AT FIRST MEN BETWEEN 21-35 HAD TO REGISTER WITH LOCAL DRAFT BOARDS. • AFTER PEARL HARBOR, 18-45 HAD TO REGISTER FOR MILITARY SERVICE. • BY 1943, 18-65 HAD TO REGISTER. • NATIONAL MORALE, WAR INDUSTRY, AND CITIZEN SACRIFICE • GOVERNMENT CREATED A FILM BOARD AND ARTIST GUILD TO MAKE PATRIOTIC MOVIES AND PATRIOTIC ART TO KEEP MORALE HIGH. • WAR PRODUCTION BOARD: • RE-DIRECTED RAW MATERIALS TO MILITARY USE NOT CONSUMER GOODS. • CONSUMER INCOME INCREASED. • UNEMPLOYMENT DROPPED. • WESTERN STATES EXPERIENCED TREMENDOUS GROWTH. • INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE: • INCOME TAX INCREASED, WITHHOLDING TAX • WAR BONDS SOLD (BOND DRIVES)--$60 MILLION • RATIONING • VICTORY GARDENS • RATIONING COUPONS WERE DISTRIBUTED FOR EVERYDAY ITEMS RANGING FROM TIRES TO GAS TO MEAT AND MILK.

  14. WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN UNIFORM • 275,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED FOR MILITARY SERVICE. • THE WAC (WOMEN’S ARMY CORPS) WAS THE BIGGEST. • THEY DID EVERYTHING BUT PARTICIPATE IN COMBAT. • NEARLY 1 MILLION AFRICAN-AMERICANS VOLUNTEERED OR WERE DRAFTED. • THEY SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS. • TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • THEY SERVED AS BOMBER ESCORTS • AMERICAN NAVAJOS SERVED AS MARINE CORPS RADIOMEN • 17 MEXICAN-AMERICANS WON THE CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR. • JAPANESE AMERICANS SERVED IN THE 442ND UNIT ASSIGNED TO FIGHT IN ITALY. THEY BECAME THE MOST DECORATED UNIT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. • “ROSIE THE RIVETER” • MILLIONS OF WOMEN WORKED IN FACTORIES • DOING JOBS THAT WERE TRADITIONALLY MEN’S.

  15. THE AFFECTS THE WAR HAD ON MINORITY GROUPS • AFRICAN-AMERICANS • THE PRESIDENT ISSUED AN EXECUTIVE ORDER FORBIDDING DISCRIMINATION IN DEFENSE WORK AND ALSO REQUIRED NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSES IN DEFENSE CONTRACTS. • THIS LED TO A 2ND GREAT MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS. THIS TIME TO THE WEST. • WW2 LED TO A CALL OF “DOUBLE V” FOR BLACKS; VICTORY OVER HITLER AND VICTORY OVER SEGREGATON. • JUNE 1943– DETROIT RIOTS 25 BLACKS AND 9 WHITES DIED BEFORE FEDERAL TROOPS ENDED THE RIOTING. • NATIVE AMERICANS • 25% OF INDIANS WORKED IN DEFENSE INDUSTRIES IN MINNEAPOLIS AND MILWAUKEE. THIS ENABLED INDIANS TO LEAVE THE RESERVATION AND IT LEFT A LOT OF FARM WORK AVAILABLE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. • HISPANICS • THE NEED FOR FARM LABORERS CAUSED THE US GOVERNMENT TO MAKE A DEAL WITH MEXICO FOR MORE IMMIGRANTS. • HISPANIC FARM WORKERS COULD NOT BE DRAFTED AND HAD TO BE PAID A REASONABLE WAGE. • THIS RAPID INCREASE IN HISPANICS LED TO RACIAL VIOLENCE IN LOS ANGELES– “ZOOT SUIT” RIOTS.

  16. INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS • AFTER PEAL HARBOR MOST AMERICANS WERE VERY SUSPICIOUS OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS. • FEB. 1942 FDR SIGNED EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 FORCING JAPANESE-AMERICANS TO MOVE AWAY FROM MILITARY BASES. • 100,000 JAPANESE-AMERICANS WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO INTERNMENT CAMPS LOCATED IN REMOTE AREAS. • MANY OF THESE PEOPLE WERE AMERICAN CITIZENS AND HAD BEEN FOR GENERATIONS. MANY LOST EVERYTHING THEY OWNED. • KOREMATSU V. UNITED STATES, 1944, THIS WAS A LAWSUIT AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT FOR VIOLATING JAPANESE-AMERICANS CIVIL RIGHTS. • SUPREME COURT RULED IN FAVOR OF THE GOVERNMENT, “THE MILITARY URGENCY OF THE SITUATION..” JUSTIFIED THE ACTION. • 1983 THE US GOVERNMENT RECOGNIZED THE INJUSTICE AND AUTHORIZED $20,000 TO EACH OF THE LIVING JAPANESE-AMERICANS WHO HAD BEEN INTERNED. • THE AFTERMATH OF WW2 • 1. NAZI ATROCITIES AGAINST PEOPLE THEY JUDGED AS SOCIALLY INFERIOR AND UNFIT TO LIVE.--HOLOCAUST • 2. NAZIS BLAMED THE JEWS FOR ALL OF THEIR PROBLEMS. HITLER IN 1934 PUT INTO ACTION HIS “FINAL SOLUTION” TO THE JEWISH PROBLEM. • 3. 6-10 MILLION JEWS WERE KILLED BY GAS, STARVATION, WORKED TO DEATH OR GUNNED DOWN.

  17. WAR CRIME TRIALS • NAZI WAR CRIMES– NUREMBURG TRIALS: • NOV. 1945 20 NAZI LEADERS WERE PUT ON TRIAL FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY • 11 WERE SENTENCED TO DEATH. HERMANN GOERING. • LATER, OTHERS WHO ESCAPED GERMANY WERE CAUGHT..ADOLF EICHMAN EXECUTED IN ISRAEL IN 1960. • IN ASIA, 7 JAPANESE WERE EXECUTED FOR WAR CRIMES. • TOJO HIDECKI.

  18. AFTERMATH OF THE WAR • 60- 90 MILLION DEAD, ESTIMATED 20-30 MILLION IN RUSSIA. • Europe from Britain to Russia destroyed. • Many of the great cities of the world destroyed—London, Paris, Berlin, Rome, Warsaw, Leningrad, and Tokyo. • Millions displaced. • Agriculture disrupted. • US and the USSR the 2 great powers left standing—which ushered in the COLD WAR Period. • INNOVATIONS OF WW2 • ATOMIC BOMB—LED TO A NUCLEAR ARMS RACE AFTER THE WAR BETWEEN US AND SOVIET UNION. • PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR POWER. • RADAR, SONAR, MICRO-WAVE TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTERS, ANTIBIOTICS, OIL PIPELINES, SYNTHETIC RUBBER, TRANSISTOR RADIOS, TV, X-RAY TECHNOLOGY, BAZOOKA, JET PROPULSION AND ROCKET SCIENCE

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