1 / 42

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Brucellosis. ZOONOSIS. A disease, primarily of animals, that can be transmitted to humans as a result of direct or indirect contact with the infected animal population. Brucella are Ideal Biological Warfare Agents. They are highly infectious

Download Presentation

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Brucellosis

  2. ZOONOSIS A disease, primarily of animals, that can be transmitted to humans as a result of direct or indirect contact with the infected animal population

  3. Brucella are Ideal Biological Warfare Agents • They are highly infectious • They can be easily aerosolized • They are stable in production, storage, & delivery • They are sensitive to sunlight • They cause high morbidity, but low mortality • There are no human vaccines against brucellosis • There is high economic loss to animal agriculture

  4. 2- عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك • Fastidious & aerobic • Facultative intracellular • Gram negative non motile cocobacilli

  5. Etiologic agents

  6. Isolated species in Iran

  7. Pathogenesis • Skin abrasion, conjunctivae, inhalation or ingestion • Engulfed by neutrophils and monocytes (resistant to killing) • Localize regional lymph nodes • Infect phagocytic cells in the RE system and form granulomas

  8. 1 ـ دوره نهفتگي • 5-60 days (1-2 month)

  9. 3 ـ انتشار جغرافيائي • Occurs worldwide • Endemic areas - Africa, Asia • True incidence not known

  10. Seasonal distribution in Iran

  11. Effect of Gender • Men aged 15-45 years are affected twice as often as women of the same age • Male predominance seem to be a factor in some cases • The man is more likely than the woman to be exposed to the heaviest concentration of organisms

  12. Effect of Gender • In Iran both sexes are nearly always equally contacted with contaminated animals and dairy products • There is not a significant predominance of male to female brucellosis in Iran

  13. Sex distribution in Iran Male 56% Female 44%

  14. Age distribution • Children are affected very much less than adults • The odd low incidence in children is unexplained • It may be that gastric acidity is less often deficient than in adult • Occupational exposure is much more important

  15. توزيع سني 56000 بيمار ايراني در سال 1370 0-4 5-9 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 + 60

  16. Occupational hazards • Farmers • Shepherds, goatherds • Veterinarians • Abattoir workers • Laboratory workers • Butchers

  17. موقعيت اجتماعي و شغلي 56000 مورد بروسلوز گزارش شده در ايران در سال 1370 %

  18. 6 ـ تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده • عوامل فرهنگي و عقيدتي • زمينه هائي نظير ضعف ايمني ، ابتلاء به بيماريهاي سركوبگر ايمني ، مصرف داروهاي مضعف سيستم ايمني • استرس هاي مختلف • فقر و بي خانماني

  19. 7 ـ حساسيت و مقاومت در مقابل بيماري • مقاومت طبيعي • مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از ابتلاء • مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از واكسيناسيون • - در انسان ؟ • - در حيوانات ؟

  20. Brucellosis in animals • Transmitted by contact with infected tissue or milk (oral, aerosol or abrasion) • Predilection for erythritol rich organs (breast, uterus, epididymis, ect.) • Abortions, mastitis and sterility

  21. Transmission of brucellosis • Farmers / Ranchers • Veterinarians (food animal practice) • Brucellosis eradication personnel • Meat inspection personnel • Abattoir workers • Laboratory personnel

  22. Transmission of brucellosis Brucellosis as a Food Borne Disease • Is not occupation related • Often no history of animalcontact • May occur outside brucellosis enzootic areas • Often occurs in outbreaks • May involve women & children • May involve travelers to brucellosis enzootic areas

  23. Reservoirs • Natural Human Species HostPathogen • Brucella abortus Cattle * • Brucella suis Swine * • Brucella melitensis Goats/Sheep * • Brucella ovis Sheep • Brucella canis Dogs * • Brucella neotomae Desert wood rat7

  24. Occurrence in Wildlife

  25. Reservoir • Mammalian parasite • Host specificity is not exclusive • Horse is occasionally infected • Serum from camels have proved positive • Have been isolated from foxes, buffaloes, elk, moose, deer, polecats • Rabbits have been infected • Infection of hares have proved

  26. Reservoir • Flies, mosquitoes, ticks and other insects can be infected with all species • Ticks have transmitted to guinea pigs by biting • Dogs and cats are fairly resistant • Has not been found in monkeys

  27. Infection of Cattle • In many parts of the world, cattle are heavily infected • Br. Abortus is most commonly involved • They may readily infect with Br. Melitensis and Br. suis

  28. Infection of Cattle • Br. Melitensis do not cause serious symptoms in cattle • Br. Abortus may lead to death of the fetus and abortion • The aborted fetus, the placenta and the discharge from vagina are all heavily contaminated

  29. Infection of Cattle • Brucella tend to lodge in mammary gland and supramammary lymph nodes • They may shed in the milk for years • The organisms tend to settle in the testicles, epididymis and seminal vesicles • Organisms may be present in the semen and may transmit sexually • Transmission by artificial insemination • In cattle is a serious economic and public health problem

  30. Infection of Goats • Is always due to Br. Melitensis • Abortion is not a prominent symptoms • Reduced fertility in the herd • Br. Melitensis is passed in enormous numbers in the milk • for 6-7 month

  31. Infection of Sheep • Is always due to Br. Melitensis • Is occasionally due to Br. Abortus or Br. Suis • Affecting fertility and meat and wool production

  32. Infection of Swine • Br. Suis is the most common brucella in swine • Swine may infect with brucella abortus and melitensis • The semen may be teeming with brucella and the boar may disseminate infection throughout the herd

  33. Transmission between animals • Milk • Meat • Trans placentally • Sexually (& artificial insemination) • Respiratory • Urine

  34. Mode of transmission • Ingestion • Inhalation • Abrasion skin • Mucous membranes • Conjunctive • Sexual • Blood transfusion • Organ transplant

  35. Mode of transmission در شيرخواران و كودكان روستائي 1 ) تغذيه با شير خام در دوران شيرخوارگي و بعد از آن. 2 ) مصرف لبنيات خام، نظير پنير و خامه روستايي. 3 ) خوردن دنبلان آلوده اي كه خوب پخته نشده باشد. 4 ) تماس مستقيم با نوزادان تازه متولد شده حيوانات (گوساله، بزغاله، بره) 0 5 ) تماس مستقيم با نسوج حيواني آلوده، نظير مثانه حيوانات ذبح شده. 6 ) از طريق افشانه‌هاي (آئروسل) موجود در هواي آغل و اصطبل . 7 ) به هنگام بازي با وسايل كشاورزي، از طريق پوست آسيب ديده. 8 ) از طريق پاها و دست‌هاي ترك خورده كودكان روستايي. 9 ) تغذيه با شير آلوده مادر و انتقال داخل رحمي را نيز در بروسلوز مادرزادي (Congenital)، دخيل دانسته اند.

  36. ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل بروسلوز • Primordial Prevention:“…minimize hazards to health” • Primary Prevention: • Prevention of disease in “well” individuals • Secondary Prevention: • Identification and intervention in early stages of disease • Tertiary Prevention: • Prevention of further deterioration, reduction in complications

  37. كنترل بروسلوز 1 ـ مبارزه با منابع و مخازن 2 ـ قطع زنجيره انتقال 3 ـ حفظ افراد سالم

  38. كنترل بروسلوز • 1 ـ مبارزه با مخازن • شناسائي حيوانات بيمار • ايزوله كردن بيماران ؟؟ • منابع محيطي ؟؟

  39. كنترل بروسلوز • 2 ـ قطع زنجيره انتقال • تماس‌هاي مستقيم و غيرمستقيم • آب، غذا و . . . • پوست، مخاط، هوا، جفت . . .

  40. كنترل بروسلوز • 3 ـ حفظ افراد سالم • مصونسازي اكتيو؟ • مصونسازي پاسيو ؟ • كموپروفيلاكسي ؟

More Related