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Modernization and Fertility: A Critical Essay

Modernization and Fertility: A Critical Essay. Presented by: Sundari Budiani. Richard A. Easterlin. Contents. 1. Pendahuluan. 2. Pengertian Modernisasi. 3. Hub. antara M odernisasi & F ertilitas. 4. Theoritical and Empirical I mplications. Pendahuluan.

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Modernization and Fertility: A Critical Essay

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  1. Modernization and Fertility: A Critical Essay Presented by: SundariBudiani Richard A. Easterlin

  2. Contents 1 Pendahuluan 2 PengertianModernisasi 3 Hub. antaraModernisasi & Fertilitas 4 Theoritical and Empirical Implications

  3. Pendahuluan • What is the most challenging problem in the social study of human fertility? It is the causes of the shift from high to low fertility during the process of modernization • Preceding papers supply, demand, or regulation costs • Present paper clarify the conceptual links between modernization & fertility

  4. Modernization defined as transformation in: The Nature of Modernization Economic: sustained raise in real output per capita. & changes in techniques of producing, transporting & distributing goods 1 Sosial& demographic: involves significant alterations in fertility, mortality & migration; in place of residence; in family size & structure; educational system; & public health services. 2 Human personality: increase openness to new experience, increased independence from parental authority. 3

  5. Conceptual links between Modernization & Fertility Behavior Basic Determinants  Proximate Determinants  Children Ever Born Reg. Cost (RC) Deliberate Fert Control Var. Other Proximate Determinants Proximate Determinants Demand of Children (Cd) Children Ever Born Basic Determinants Supply of Children (Cn)

  6. Links from Modernization to Potential Supply, Demand & Reg. Cost

  7. Links PS, D & RC to Fert. Control & Fertility • Modernization lower the demand for children introduces new goods and life styles (the households shift the expenditure toward new purposes inc. Having & raising children). • Modernization fertility control, e.g: modern condom and improved methods of induced abortion, pill and IUD. • Modernization process shifts typical household from a situation where childbearing is a matter ‘taken for granted’ to one that poses difficult problems of individual choice regarding the limitation of family size. • Modernization shifts motivation of individual couples and regulation costs push them to practice deliberate family size limitation.

  8. Empirical Findings Beginning of fertility decline in B Surviving Children per Married Woman Beginning of fertility decline in A CdB CnA = CnB CdA Time Hypothetical Trends in Supply (Cn) and Demand (Cd) in Two Countries and the Timing of Fertility Decline

  9. The Trend in Fertility Differentials by Socioeconomic Status (SES) (b) Early Modern (a) Premodern Surviving Children per Married Woman Cd Cn Cd Cn Low Low High High Education Education (d) Early Modern (c) Premodern Surviving Children per Married Woman Cd Cn Cd Cn 15-19 15-19 40-44 40-44 Age Age Hypothetical Relationship Between Supply (Cn) and Demand (Cd) and Education and Age in Premodern and Early Modern Settings

  10. Thank You!

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