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Pyramids on the Nile

Pyramids on the Nile. Chapter 2. Land of Egypt. Importance of Geography. Nile floods created plentiful harvests (predictable) Nile acted as unifying factor (N/S) Desert was a natural barrier. The River Nile.

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Pyramids on the Nile

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  1. Pyramids on the Nile Chapter 2

  2. Land of Egypt

  3. Importance of Geography • Nile floods created plentiful harvests (predictable) • Nile acted as unifying factor (N/S) • Desert was a natural barrier

  4. The River Nile

  5. Egypt’s Historical BackgroundI. Archaic Period • Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt in 3100 BC by King Menes • First dynasty was founded

  6. Hieroglyphics were introduced about 3000 BC

  7. Rosetta Stone • Hieroglyphics • Demotic • Ancient Greek • Interpreted by Jean Francois Champollion in mid-19th century (20+ years)

  8. Rosetta StoneBritish MuseumLondon

  9. Papyrus - A paper-like material made from reeds.

  10. Old Kingdom 2770-2200 BC • Time of prosperity & splendor Founded by Zoser - 3rd dynasty • “Age of the Pyramids” • Time when pharaoh’s power became absolute & divine

  11. Role of Pyramids • Represented royal authority • Monumental architecture • Tomb for mummified body of the rulers

  12. The Afterlife and Ka • Ka (soul of the body?) could live on after death but must be provided for with all the things necessary for life…

  13. Khufu’s pyramid aka “Great Pyramid”

  14. Giza: The Great Sphinx*

  15. Giza

  16. Pyramid comparison

  17. Pyramids • Rooms stocked with supplies for the next life…. • Chairs Dishes • Boats Food • Games Clothing • Weapons Chariots

  18. Tut’s Tomb

  19. Howard Carter

  20. Vulture collar from Tut’s tomb Vulture Collar from the tomb of Tutankhamen

  21. Collapse of the Old Kingdom • Too much investment in pyramid building • Series of poor harvests • Nobles usurped power

  22. First Intermediate Period • Time of anarchy & chaos • No central authority/feudal • Desert tribes invaded • 11th Dynasty restored order in 2050 BCE

  23. Pharaoh ruled as a god(Theocratic government) • Head of religion, government & army… • Full responsibility for prosperity • Caused rain to fall, sun to rise • Nile to flood , crops to grow

  24. Main Gods • Re - the sun god • Amen - the god of Thebes • Osiris - judge of the dead • Egyptians hoped for life after death

  25. OsirisJudge of the Dead • Personified the growth of vegetation & life-giving force of the Nile • Weighed hearts of the dead

  26. Triumph of Good over EvilThe Cult of Osiris* Hyperlink • Paternal qualities of Osiris • appealed to emotions • Promised immortality • to those who led moral lives

  27. Isis • Love, magic, motherhood, children, medicine and peace were her human realms

  28. Anubis • Jackal head • God of embalming

  29. Mummy at The British Museum

  30. Step 1: Washing the body & anointing with oils

  31. Step 2:Removal of organs

  32. Canopic Jars held organs -Represented the four sons of Horis -Vital organs were stored

  33. Brain Probe • The brain was thought to be useless, a producer of mucus. It was liquefied and removed through the nostrils. • Probe from The British Museum

  34. Step 3: drying body with salts

  35. Step 4: Body cavity stuffed with linens and other fibers

  36. Step 5: rewashing after 70 days

  37. Body preserved for eternity • People of all classes planned for their burials • Tombs filled with all that would be needed in afterlife

  38. Mummified Remains of King Tut’s Granny… • Queen Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III

  39. The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC • More socially responsible • Swamps drained • Canals dug • Pharaoh allied with middle classes • Classical or Golden Age

  40. Middle Kingdom…continued • Expansion into Palestine & Syria…followed by weak rulers • Religion democratized • Cult of Osiris gains momentum • Idea of personal salvation

  41. Second Intermediate Period ends the Middle Kingdom, 1640 BC • Takeover by Hyksos, nomads from Western Asia • Secret weapons: the chariot & bronze • Adopted by Egyptians

  42. Hyksos driven out after 70 years! • Warlike rulers restored Egypt’s power & built an empire • Queen Ahhotep • Pharaoh Kamose

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