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Welcome!

Welcome!. Please get out objectives #21-25 for a stamp. Add new insights with a different colored pen!. Let’s set the stage!. Brainstorm: Niger vs. Netherlands Why are developing nations growing and developed nations shrinking?.

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Welcome!

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  1. Welcome! Please get out objectives #21-25 for a stamp. Add new insights with a different colored pen!

  2. Let’s set the stage! • Brainstorm: Niger vs. Netherlands • Why are developing nations growing and developed nations shrinking?

  3. Demographics continued:Finding solutions/stabilizing populations

  4. Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues The big 5: Better nutrition Better sanitation Better health care Girl’s education Women’s economic opportunities

  5. Family Planning program components Information about birth control/contraception

  6. Family planning program components • Information about spacing/timing of children • At least two years • Allows mother to recuperate • Infant gets attention • Information about nursing • Antibodies passed to infant • Reduces mother’s fertility

  7. Family Planning Program components • Basic health care – vaccinations • Importance of clean water • Nutrition • Prenatal • Infant and child

  8. Two countries, two strategies India – World’s first family planning program China – One family one child policy

  9. India’s program 1952 Family planning components Sterilizations no longer emphasized Emphasis on education on birth control, health care

  10. Why only a boy? Are these not girls?

  11. English translation: For a healthy family, wait three years before your second child. You can get these family-planning methods from government health workers, hospitals, and health centers for free.

  12. So why isn’t it working better? • Limited success: extreme poverty, low status of women, program inefficiencies

  13. Two countries, two strategies TFR – 2.5 1.5% growth rate IMR 50 Life expectancy 65/63 Literacy 74%/88% Woman’s death in childbirth 230/100,000 Married by 18 yrs: 47% TFR – 1.5 .5% growth rate IMR 17 Life expectancy 77/72 Literacy 99%/99% Woman’s death in childbirth 38/100,000 Married by 18 yrs: --

  14. China – one family, one child Incentives to one child families Birth of second child revokes incentives Intensive family planning Exceptions

  15. China’s Drop in TFR • Grassroots movement • Women’s education and economic opportunity • Focus on sanitation, nutrition, health care

  16. One child prosperous life

  17. It is better to marry and have children later

  18. Humanitarian and societal concerns regarding China’s policy Male to female ratio Little Emperor Syndrome/4-2-1 problem

  19. “China has too many bachelors” by Tyjen Tsai Jan 2012 • “China's "one-child" population policy has resulted in a number of unique demographic events and transitions, including an imbalance of the sex ratio at birth. Millions of "extra" boys have been born: Already, 41 million bachelors will not have women to marry. If nothing is done to change this trend, Poston noted, by 2020 there will be 55 million extra boys in China.”

  20. The sex ratio at birth in several countries today is out of balance, due to four factors: rapid fertility transition, son preference, available technology to determine the sex of the fetus, and physical and cultural ease of access to abortion. The rapid pace of fertility transition has given China little time to change a cultural norm of favoring sons.

  21. A sex ratio at birth of 105 males for every 100 females is average. There are slight differences in trends and patterns, by year, by age of mother, live birth order, and race/ethnicity of the mother. "The reason you need 105 boys—and this is perhaps a demographic universal—is because of the longevity, the survival advantage that women have," Poston said. "So by the time they marry, there's a balance." The sex ratio at birth in China is 120 males per 100 females.

  22. “Little emperor syndrome” or the4-2-1 problem

  23. Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents without siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the "4-2-1 problem."

  24. Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues:How do India and China compare? The big 5: Better nutrition Better sanitation Better health care Girl’s education Women’s economic opportunities

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