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Bovine Tuberculosi s Monaya Ekgatat NIAH

Bovine Tuberculosi s Monaya Ekgatat NIAH. TB. Bovine Tuberculosis. - Introduction - Etiology & Epidemiology - Clinical Signs - Post mortem lesions - Diagnosis - Public Health - Prevention and control. NIAH. Introduction.

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Bovine Tuberculosi s Monaya Ekgatat NIAH

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  1. Bovine Tuberculosis Monaya Ekgatat NIAH TB

  2. Bovine Tuberculosis - Introduction - Etiology & Epidemiology - Clinical Signs - Post mortem lesions - Diagnosis - Public Health - Prevention and control NIAH

  3. Introduction Control relies on - early diagnosis - removal of infected animal - tracing - exposing infected cases Zoonosis human - aerosol - ingestion Developed countries - reduced prevalence Less developed countries - still common - economic loss NIAH

  4. Etiology and epidemiology Agents Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human) Mycobacterium bovis (animal) Mycobacterium avium (bird) NIAH

  5. Etiology and epidemiology Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB. Complex) M. tuberculosis M. caprae M. bovis M. pinnipedii M. africanum M. canetti M. microti

  6. Mycobacterium bovis • Can survive for several months in the environment (cold, dark and moist condition) • 12-24 oC survival time 18-332 days • Dry or moist soil (34 oC) : 4-8 weeks • Summer : 4 days

  7. Etiology and epidemiology Maintenance hosts for M. bovis - cattle - buffalo Reservoir hosts - brush-tail possum (New Zealand) - badger (United Kingdom, Ireland) - deer (United States) - bison (Canada) - greater kudu, common duiker African buffalo, warthogs (Africa) NIAH

  8. Badger

  9. African buffalo Warthog

  10. Common duiker Greater kudu

  11. Brush-tail possum

  12. Etiology and epidemiology Transmission Respiration----aerosal (short distance) Ingestion ( unpasteurized milk) Source of infectious bacteria - respiratory secretion - feces - milk - (urine) - vaginal secretion - semen NIAH

  13. Incubation Period • 3 weeks – years: under natural condition Morbidity and Mortality • 1-2 animals = 0 - 40% infected = 0 - 10%developed gross lesions • Severity - dose of agents - individual immunity • Mortality : rare

  14. Clinical Signs Chronic ( rare: acute & rapidly progressive) Early infection ---- asymptomatic Late stage: symptomatic - progressive emaciation - fluctuating fever - weakness - inappetite - moist cough (pulmonary involve) - dyspnea No specific signs Asymptomatic and anergiccarriers (ill: stress, old age) NIAH

  15. Post mortem lesions NIAH

  16. NIAH

  17. NIAH

  18. NIAH

  19. NIAH

  20. Lymphnodes: calcified NIAH

  21. NIAH

  22. Tubercles in liver NIAH

  23. NIAH

  24. Mesenteric lymph node NIAH

  25. Diagnosis • Clinical signs (lacking) • Laboratory diagnosis • 1. Identification of the agent • a) Microscopic examination • b) Culture of M. bovis (3-6 weeks) • - biochemical tests • - culture characteristics • c) Nucleic acid recognition methods NIAH

  26. Diagnosis 2. Delayed hypersensitivity test Tuberculin test : SID, SCITT 3. Blood-based laboratory tests a) Gamma-interferon assay b) Lymphocyte proliferation assay c) ELISA (late stages of infection, anergic cattle)

  27. Presumptive Diagnosis • Histopathology • Microscopic demonstration of acid-fast bacilli • Direct smear from clinical samples/tissues and stained with Z-N stain, fluorescent acid-fast stain or immunoperoxidase

  28. Differential Diagnosis - Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia -Pasteurella or Corynebacterium pyogenes pneumonia - Aspiration pneumonia ( secondary infection) - Traumatic pericarditis - Caseouslymphadenitisor melioidosis (small ruminant) - Chronic aberrant liver fluke infestation NIAH

  29. Laboratory Diagnosis 1. Identification and isolation of the agent NIAH

  30. M. bovis: Cord Formation NIAH

  31. M. bovis: granule in P&B NIAH

  32. Immunohistochemistry NIAH

  33. DNA - hybridization NIAH

  34. ELISA: Detection of MTB complex 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 NIAH

  35. The immune system : Antigen Antigen presenting cells (Macrophages & reticulocites) Humoral immunity Cell mediated immunity Memory B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Plasma cells antibodies Lymphokines cytooxicity Diagnostic measures of an Immune response Skin test / Lymphocyte stimulation / Gamma-interferon ELISA

  36. 2.Tuberculin test Antigen:Bov. PPD 0.1 ml(not more than 0.2 ml)= 2,000 IU – 5,000 IU Work plan 0h 244872hrs injection 1stmeasure 2ndmeasure Negative reaction < 2 mm w/o local clinical signs Inconclusive reaction 2-4 mm w/o local clinical signs Positive reaction ≥ 4 mm with or w/o local clinical signs (one fold + ≥ 8 mm) Retest: after 42-60 days (cattle), 120 days (deer) NIAH

  37. Cervical Test

  38. Caudal fold Test

  39. Axillary Test

  40. Base of the ear

  41. Anywhere

  42. Tuberculin test NIAH

  43. NIAH

  44. Positive reaction NIAH

  45. Tuberculin test at cervical NIAH

  46. NIAH

  47. Deer: Tuberculin test (cervical) NIAH

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