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Chapter 6 Hypoxia

Chapter 6 Hypoxia. 绝食. 14 天. O 2 是人体的第一生命物质。. 绝水. 7 天. 绝 O 2. 数分钟. O 2. O 2. 摄取. 携带. 运输. 利用. Concept.

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Chapter 6 Hypoxia

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  1. Chapter 6 Hypoxia

  2. 绝食 14天 O2是人体的第一生命物质。 绝水 7天 绝O2 数分钟

  3. O2 O2 摄取 携带 运输 利用

  4. Concept Hypoxia can be defined as deficiency in either the delivery or the utilization of oxygen at the tissue level, which can lead to changes in function, metabolism and even structure of the body.

  5. 氧的摄取、携带、运输障碍 组织供氧不足 氧利用障碍 组织中毒或损伤 或 机能、代谢、形态结构异常

  6. Parameters of blood oxygen

  7. 1.5% 物理溶解形式 血液运载O2的方式 化学结合形式 98.5% 1. partial pressure of oxygen, PO2 PO2 is the tension produced by oxygen molecules physically dissolved in plasma. 物理溶解于血浆中的氧所产生的张力

  8. Normal value PaO2: 100 mmHg ( 13.3kPa ) PvO2: 40 mmHg ( 5.3kPa ) Acting factor ◣Partial pressure of inspired oxygen (吸入气氧分压, PiO2) ◣ Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (肺泡内氧分压,PAO2 )

  9. 2. oxygen binding capacity, CO2max Maximal amount of oxygen that can be potentially bound by the haemoglobin is called oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin. 100ml血液中Hb所能结合氧的最大毫升数

  10. Normal value : 20 ml% Acting factor Hb concentration and quality

  11. 3. oxygen content, CO2 100ml血液实际所含的氧量 The total oxygen content of blood includes oxygen that is bound to haemoglobin an physically dissolved in plasma.

  12. Normal value In artery:19ml%; In vein:14ml% Acting factor ①PaO2; ②CO2 max

  13. 血氧含量-物理溶解氧量 100% 血氧饱和度 = ╳ 血氧容量 4. oxygen saturation, SO2 SO2 is the percentage of haemoglobin present as oxyhaemoglobin.

  14. Normal value In artery :93-95% In vein :70-75% Acting factor: PaO2

  15. A. V. O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 5. arteriovenous blood oxygen difference , A-VDO2 动脉血与静脉血氧含量之差 Normal value:5ml% 19ml/dl 14ml/dl 5ml/dl

  16. Acting factor: utilization of oxygen in the tissue

  17. Section 1 Classification, Etiology & Pathogenesis

  18. ◆ Hypotonic hypoxia(低张性缺氧) Hypotonic hypoxia is characterized by the decrease of PaO2, also called hypoxic hypoxia. 各种原因使PaO2,以致血氧含量 ,组织供氧不足而引起的缺氧。

  19. ◣Etiology 1.Decrase PO2 of inspired air:plateau 2.External respiratory dysfunction:COPD 3.Venous-to-arterial shunts:congenital heart disease

  20. 特征性变化 ◣Characteristics of blood O2 ★PaO2 ◣其他:血氧含量,血氧饱和度

  21. 紫绀 严重贫血 红细胞增多症 不一定 不一定 缺氧 ★紫绀 (cyanosis) HHb>5g%时,皮肤粘膜呈青紫色的现象

  22. ◆ Hemic hypoxia(血液性缺氧) Hemic hypoxia refers to the altered affinity of HB for oxygen or decrease in amount of HB in the blood.

  23. 2.CO中毒(Carbon monoxide poisoning) 3.高铁血红蛋白血症(Methemoglobinemia) ◣Etiology 1.贫血(anemia):最常见的血液性缺氧 HbCO2 樱桃红色 HbFe3+OH石板色 肠源性紫绀

  24. 特征性变化 ◣ Characteristics of blood O2 ★ 氧容量 ◣其他:氧含量,PaO2和氧饱和度正常

  25. ◆ Circulatory hypoxia(循环性缺氧) Circulatory hypoxia refers to inadequate blood flow leads to inadequate oxygenation of the tissues. 由于组织血流量,使组织供氧量所引起的缺氧。

  26. ◣Etiology 1.Tissue ischemia:shock, heart failure 2.Tissue congestion:venous embolism

  27. 特征性变化 ◣ Characteristics of blood O2 ★ A-VDO2 ◣其他: PaO2,动脉血氧含量,氧饱和度正常

  28. ◆ Histogenous hypoxia (组织性缺氧) Histogenous hypoxia refers to the tissue cell cannot make use of the O2 supplied to them. 组织细胞利用氧的能力下降所致的缺氧,即氧利用障碍(dysoxidative hypoxia)

  29. ◣Etiology 1.Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation:cyanide(氰化物) 2.Mitochondria injury:radiation, free radical

  30. 特征性变化 ◣ Characteristics of blood O2 ★ A-VDO2  ◣其他:PaO2,A血氧含量,A血氧饱和度正常 PvO2、V血氧含量、V血氧饱和度

  31. Section 2 Functional and Metabolic Changes of the Body in Hypoxia

  32. 主要是代偿性反应 呼吸加深加快 外周化学感受器 PO2 呼吸中枢 Ⅰ.Alterations of respiratory system 轻度缺氧 (30~60mmHg) 颈A体和主A体化学感受器

  33. 缺氧 外周化学感受器 呼吸中枢

  34. 严重缺氧(PaO2<30mmHg) 中枢能量代谢障碍 呼吸中枢 呼吸抑制

  35. Ⅱ. Alterations of circulatory system

  36. 通气增加 胸廓运动及心功能增强 肺澎胀 应激原 肺牵张感受器 交感神经 交感神经 HR 心肌收缩力 静脉回流 1.心输出量 轻度缺氧

  37. 腺苷、乳酸等 儿茶酚胺 局部代谢产物 α β 外周血管 心、脑血管 扩张 收缩 扩张 2.全身血流重新分布 保证心、脑血液供应

  38. 缺氧 交感神经兴奋 内皮细胞、肥大细胞等 平滑肌细胞Ca2+通道开放 儿茶酚胺 缩血管物质 白三烯、内皮素等 Ca2+内流 α 3.肺血管收缩

  39. 长期缺氧 血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达增加 4.毛细血管增生 增加细胞供氧量

  40. 慢性缺氧 肾产生EPO Ⅲ. Alterations of hematologic system 1.RBC增多

  41. 2, 3-DPG 缺氧 (+) () DPGM DPGP 1,3-DPG 2,3-DPG 2或3-DPG DPGM:DPG变构酶; DPGP:DPG磷酸酶; 2-DPG:2-磷酸甘油酸 2.氧离曲线右移

  42. 2, 3-DPG 释放H+ 改变 HHb构型 Bohr效应 Hb与O2亲和力 氧离曲线右移

  43. Ⅳ. Alterations of central nerve system 1.轻度缺氧或缺氧早期: 血流重新分布保证脑的血流供应。 2.重度缺氧或缺氧中、晚期: 氧供不足使中枢神经系统功能异常。

  44. 线粒体数目及膜表面积 呼吸酶 细胞利用氧能力 Ⅴ. Alterations of tissues and cells (一)代偿性反应 1.细胞利用氧能力增强 慢性缺氧

  45. 缺氧 ATP 磷酸果糖激酶活性 糖酵解 2.无氧酵解增强

  46. 3.肌红蛋白(myoglobin)增加 肌红蛋白与氧亲和力较大,具有储存氧的作用。

  47. 4.低代谢状态 有利于细胞在缺氧环境下生存。

  48. 缺氧 细胞膜对离子的通透性 Na+-K+泵 Na+内流 Na+-K+泵 ATP 细胞水肿 Na+内流 (二)细胞损伤 1.细胞膜的变化 (1)Na+内流

  49. 合成代谢障碍 K+外流 ATP 线粒体功能 磷脂酶 黄嘌呤氧化酶 溶酶体破坏 ATP 自由基 (2)K+外流 (3)Ca2+内流 Ca2+内流

  50. 呼吸功能增强 轻度缺氧 重度缺氧 呼吸功能降低 Ca2+内流 溶酶体破坏 磷脂酶活性 缺氧 酸中毒 2.线粒体的变化 3.溶酶体的变化

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