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Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom

Explore the evolution of atomic theory from Democritus to Dalton and the current model of the atom by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. Learn about subatomic particles, unstable nuclei, and radioactive decay in this informative chapter.

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Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom

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  1. Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom • 4.1: Early Theories of Matter • 4.2: Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom • 4.3: How Atoms Differ • 4.4: Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

  2. Chapter 4 Standards • CHEM.A.2.1.1 Describe the evolution of atomic theory leading to the current model of the atom based on the works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. • CHEM.A.2.1.2 Differentiate between the mass number of an isotope and the average atomic mass of an element.

  3. Section 4.1 Early Theories of Matter

  4. Objectives • Compare and contrast the atomic models of Democritus and Dalton • Define the atom

  5. Four Components of Matter • Early Greek philosophers associated properties of matter with Water, Earth, Air, and Fire. • They thought matter was infinitely divisible • This incorrect belief lasted until the 1800s.

  6. Democritus • Greek philosopher (460-370 B.C.) • First to propose matter was NOT infinitely divisible • Atomos- indestructible particles

  7. Democritus’s Ideas • Matter is composed of empty space • Atoms are solid, homogeneous, invisible particles • Different kinds of atoms have different shapes and sizes • Differing properties of matter come from the different shapes and sizes of atoms. • Changes in matter come from changes in grouping of atoms

  8. Aristotle • Criticized Democritus’s ideas about atoms. • Invisible particles do not exist- No Atoms! • Accepted view for 2,000 years

  9. John Dalton • 1766-1844 • School teacher from England • Revived Democritus’s ideas about atoms • Developed the atomic theory (1803) based on scientific research of the time.

  10. Dalton’s Atomic Theory • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms • All atoms of an element are identical and specific to that element only. • Atoms cannot be created, divided, or destroyed • Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. • In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged.

  11. Atom • Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element World Population = 7,000,000,000 Atoms in a Penny= 29,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

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