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Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom

Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom. 4.1: Early Theories of Matter 4.2: Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom 4.3: How Atoms Differ 4.4: Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay. Chapter 4 Standards.

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Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom

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  1. Chapter 4: The Structure of the Atom • 4.1: Early Theories of Matter • 4.2: Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom • 4.3: How Atoms Differ • 4.4: Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

  2. Chapter 4 Standards • CHEM.A.2.1.1 Describe the evolution of atomic theory leading to the current model of the atom based on the works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. • CHEM.A.2.1.2 Differentiate between the mass number of an isotope and the average atomic mass of an element.

  3. Section 4.1 Early Theories of Matter

  4. Objectives • Compare and contrast the atomic models of Democritus and Dalton • Define the atom

  5. Four Components of Matter • Early Greek philosophers associated properties of matter with Water, Earth, Air, and Fire. • They thought matter was infinitely divisible • This incorrect belief lasted until the 1800s.

  6. Democritus • Greek philosopher (460-370 B.C.) • First to propose matter was NOT infinitely divisible • Atomos- indestructible particles

  7. Democritus’s Ideas • Matter is composed of empty space • Atoms are solid, homogeneous, invisible particles • Different kinds of atoms have different shapes and sizes • Differing properties of matter come from the different shapes and sizes of atoms. • Changes in matter come from changes in grouping of atoms

  8. Aristotle • Criticized Democritus’s ideas about atoms. • Invisible particles do not exist- No Atoms! • Accepted view for 2,000 years

  9. John Dalton • 1766-1844 • School teacher from England • Revived Democritus’s ideas about atoms • Developed the atomic theory (1803) based on scientific research of the time.

  10. Dalton’s Atomic Theory • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms • All atoms of an element are identical and specific to that element only. • Atoms cannot be created, divided, or destroyed • Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. • In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged.

  11. Atom • Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element World Population = 7,000,000,000 Atoms in a Penny= 29,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

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